@article{gratz_organic_2021,
	title = {Organic nitrogen nutrition: {LHT1}.2 protein from hybrid aspen ({Populus} tremula {L}. x tremuloides {Michx}) is a functional amino acid transporter and a homolog of {Arabidopsis} {LHT1}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	shorttitle = {Organic nitrogen nutrition},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpab029},
	abstract = {The contribution of amino acids (AAs) to soil nitrogen (N) fluxes is higher than previously thought. The fact that AA uptake is pivotal for N nutrition in boreal ecosystems highlights plant AA transporters as key components of the N cycle. At the same time, very little is known about AA transport and respective transporters in trees. Tree genomes may contain 13 or more genes encoding the lysine histidine transporter (LHT) family proteins, and this complicates the study of their significance for tree N-use efficiency. With the strategy of obtaining a tool to study N-use efficiency, our aim was to identify and characterize a relevant AA transporter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x tremuloides Michx.). We identified PtrLHT1.2, the closest homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh AtLHT1, which is expressed in leaves, stems and roots. Complementation of a yeast AA uptake mutant verified the function of PtrLHT1.2 as an AA transporter. Furthermore, PtrLHT1.2 was able to fully complement the phenotypes of the Arabidopsis AA uptake mutant lht1 aap5, including early leaf senescence-like phenotype, reduced growth, decreased plant N levels and reduced root AA uptake. Amino acid uptake studies finally showed that PtrLHT1.2 is a high affinity transporter for neutral and acidic AAs. Thus, we identified a functional AtLHT1 homolog in hybrid aspen, which harbors the potential to enhance overall plant N levels and hence increase biomass production. This finding provides a valuable tool for N nutrition studies in trees and opens new avenues to optimizing tree N-use efficiency.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Gratz, Regina and Ahmad, Iftikhar and Svennerstam, Henrik and Jämtgård, Sandra and Love, Jonathan and Holmlund, Mattias and Ivanov, Rumen and Ganeteg, Ulrika},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {33631788},
	pmcid = {PMC8359683},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Transport Systems, Arabidopsis, Ecosystem, Nitrogen, Populus, Populus tremula L. x tremuloides Michx, amino acid transport, amino acid uptake, early senescence-like phenotype, hybrid aspen, lysine histidine transporter (LHT), nitrogen nutrition, organic nitrogen},
	pages = {1479--1496},
}

The contribution of amino acids (AAs) to soil nitrogen (N) fluxes is higher than previously thought. The fact that AA uptake is pivotal for N nutrition in boreal ecosystems highlights plant AA transporters as key components of the N cycle. At the same time, very little is known about AA transport and respective transporters in trees. Tree genomes may contain 13 or more genes encoding the lysine histidine transporter (LHT) family proteins, and this complicates the study of their significance for tree N-use efficiency. With the strategy of obtaining a tool to study N-use efficiency, our aim was to identify and characterize a relevant AA transporter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x tremuloides Michx.). We identified PtrLHT1.2, the closest homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh AtLHT1, which is expressed in leaves, stems and roots. Complementation of a yeast AA uptake mutant verified the function of PtrLHT1.2 as an AA transporter. Furthermore, PtrLHT1.2 was able to fully complement the phenotypes of the Arabidopsis AA uptake mutant lht1 aap5, including early leaf senescence-like phenotype, reduced growth, decreased plant N levels and reduced root AA uptake. Amino acid uptake studies finally showed that PtrLHT1.2 is a high affinity transporter for neutral and acidic AAs. Thus, we identified a functional AtLHT1 homolog in hybrid aspen, which harbors the potential to enhance overall plant N levels and hence increase biomass production. This finding provides a valuable tool for N nutrition studies in trees and opens new avenues to optimizing tree N-use efficiency.

@article{capador-barreto_killing_2021,
	title = {Killing two enemies with one stone? {Genomics} of resistance to two sympatric pathogens in {Norway} spruce},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1365-294X},
	shorttitle = {Killing two enemies with one stone?},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.16058},
	abstract = {Trees must cope with the attack of multiple pathogens, often simultaneously during their long lifespan. Ironically, the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic component of resistance in Norway spruce to Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and its sympatric congener Heterobasidion parviporum. Heterobasidion root- and stem-rot is a major disease of Norway spruce caused by members of the Heterobasidion annosum species complex. Resistance to both pathogens was measured using artificial inoculations in half-sib families of Norway spruce trees originating from central to northern Europe. The genetic component of resistance was analysed using 63,760 genome-wide exome-capture sequenced SNPs and multitrait genome-wide associations. No correlation was found for resistance to the two pathogens; however, associations were found between genomic variants and resistance traits with synergic or antagonist pleiotropic effects to both pathogens. Additionally, a latitudinal cline in resistance in the bark to H. annosum s.s. was found; trees from southern latitudes, with a later bud-set and thicker stem diameter, allowed longer lesions, but this was not the case for H. parviporum. In summary, this study detects genomic variants with pleiotropic effects which explain multiple disease resistance from a genic level and could be useful for selection of resistant trees to both pathogens. Furthermore, it highlights the need for additional research to understand the evolution of resistance traits to multiple pathogens in trees.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Capador-Barreto, Hernán D. and Bernhardsson, Carolina and Milesi, Pascal and Vos, Ingrid and Lundén, Karl and Wu, Harry X. and Karlsson, Bo and Ingvarsson, Pär K. and Stenlid, Jan and Elfstrand, Malin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34218489},
	keywords = {Basidiomycota, Genome wide association study (GWAS), Genomics, Homicide, Norway, Picea, Picea abies, Plant Diseases, cline, disease resistance, genome-wide association study, pleiotropy, root-rot},
	pages = {4433--4447},
}

Trees must cope with the attack of multiple pathogens, often simultaneously during their long lifespan. Ironically, the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic component of resistance in Norway spruce to Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and its sympatric congener Heterobasidion parviporum. Heterobasidion root- and stem-rot is a major disease of Norway spruce caused by members of the Heterobasidion annosum species complex. Resistance to both pathogens was measured using artificial inoculations in half-sib families of Norway spruce trees originating from central to northern Europe. The genetic component of resistance was analysed using 63,760 genome-wide exome-capture sequenced SNPs and multitrait genome-wide associations. No correlation was found for resistance to the two pathogens; however, associations were found between genomic variants and resistance traits with synergic or antagonist pleiotropic effects to both pathogens. Additionally, a latitudinal cline in resistance in the bark to H. annosum s.s. was found; trees from southern latitudes, with a later bud-set and thicker stem diameter, allowed longer lesions, but this was not the case for H. parviporum. In summary, this study detects genomic variants with pleiotropic effects which explain multiple disease resistance from a genic level and could be useful for selection of resistant trees to both pathogens. Furthermore, it highlights the need for additional research to understand the evolution of resistance traits to multiple pathogens in trees.

@article{velasquez_xyloglucan_2021,
	title = {Xyloglucan {Remodeling} {Defines} {Auxin}-{Dependent} {Differential} {Tissue} {Expansion} in {Plants}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1422-0067},
	doi = {10.3390/ijms22179222},
	abstract = {Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in plants, whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Our results indicate that auxin-reliant growth programs affect the molecular complexity of xyloglucans, the major type of cell wall hemicellulose in eudicots. Auxin-dependent induction and repression of growth coincide with reduced and enhanced molecular complexity of xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement with a proposed function in growth control, genetic interference with xyloglucan side decorations distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that auxin-dependent growth programs have a spatially defined effect on xyloglucan's molecular structure, which in turn affects cell wall mechanics and specifies differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {17},
	journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
	author = {Velasquez, Silvia Melina and Guo, Xiaoyuan and Gallemi, Marçal and Aryal, Bibek and Venhuizen, Peter and Barbez, Elke and Dünser, Kai Alexander and Darino, Martin and Pĕnčík, Aleš and Novák, Ondřej and Kalyna, Maria and Mouille, Gregory and Benková, Eva and P Bhalerao, Rishikesh and Mravec, Jozef and Kleine-Vehn, Jürgen},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34502129},
	pmcid = {PMC8430841},
	keywords = {Arabidopsis, Cell Wall, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Glucans, Indoleacetic Acids, Peas, Plant Cells, Plant Development, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Signal Transduction, Xylans, auxin, cell wall, gravitropism, growth, hypocotyls, xyloglucans},
	pages = {9222},
}

Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in plants, whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Our results indicate that auxin-reliant growth programs affect the molecular complexity of xyloglucans, the major type of cell wall hemicellulose in eudicots. Auxin-dependent induction and repression of growth coincide with reduced and enhanced molecular complexity of xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement with a proposed function in growth control, genetic interference with xyloglucan side decorations distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that auxin-dependent growth programs have a spatially defined effect on xyloglucan's molecular structure, which in turn affects cell wall mechanics and specifies differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth.

@article{singh_when_2021,
	title = {When to branch - seasonal control of shoot architecture in trees},
	issn = {1742-4658},
	doi = {10.1111/febs.16227},
	abstract = {Long-lived perennial plants optimize their shoot architecture by responding to seasonal cues. The main strategy used by the plants of temperate and boreal regions to survive the extremely unfavourable conditions of the winter is to protect their apical and lateral meristematic tissues. This involves myriads of transcriptional, translational and metabolic changes in the plants, as shoot architecture is controlled by multiple pathways that regulate processes such as bud formation and flowering, small RNAs, environmental factors (especially light quality, photoperiod and temperature), hormones, and sugars. Recent studies have begun to reveal how these pathways are recruited for the seasonal adaptation and regulation of shoot architecture in perennial plants, including the role of a regulatory module consisting of antagonistic players TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) and LIKE-AP1 (LAP1) in the hybrid aspen. Here, we review recent progress in understanding genetic controls of shoot architecture in perennials and compare them to those in annuals.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The FEBS journal},
	author = {Singh, Rajesh Kumar and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P. and Maurya, Jay P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34652884},
	keywords = {Axillary buds, Branching, Photoperiod, Seasonal growth, Shoot Architecture, temperature},
}

Long-lived perennial plants optimize their shoot architecture by responding to seasonal cues. The main strategy used by the plants of temperate and boreal regions to survive the extremely unfavourable conditions of the winter is to protect their apical and lateral meristematic tissues. This involves myriads of transcriptional, translational and metabolic changes in the plants, as shoot architecture is controlled by multiple pathways that regulate processes such as bud formation and flowering, small RNAs, environmental factors (especially light quality, photoperiod and temperature), hormones, and sugars. Recent studies have begun to reveal how these pathways are recruited for the seasonal adaptation and regulation of shoot architecture in perennial plants, including the role of a regulatory module consisting of antagonistic players TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) and LIKE-AP1 (LAP1) in the hybrid aspen. Here, we review recent progress in understanding genetic controls of shoot architecture in perennials and compare them to those in annuals.

@article{zuch_cell_2021,
	title = {Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: {Fate} specification, morphogenesis and coordination},
	issn = {1040-4651},
	shorttitle = {Cell biology of the leaf epidermis},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab250},
	doi = {10.1093/plcell/koab250},
	abstract = {As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.},
	number = {koab250},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	journal = {The Plant Cell},
	author = {Zuch, Daniel T and Doyle, Siamsa M and Majda, Mateusz and Smith, Richard S and Robert, Stéphanie and Torii, Keiko U},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
}

As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.

@article{bag_atlas_2021,
	title = {An atlas of the {Norway} spruce needle seasonal transcriptome},
	issn = {1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tpj.15530},
	doi = {10.1111/tpj.15530},
	abstract = {Boreal conifers possess a tremendous ability to survive and remain evergreen during harsh winter conditions and resume growth during summer. This is enabled by coordinated regulation of major cellular functions at the level of gene expression, metabolism, and physiology. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of the annual changes in the global transcriptome of Norway spruce needles as a resource to understand needle development and acclimation processes throughout the year. In young, growing needles (May 15 – June 30), cell walls, organelles etc. were formed, and this developmental program heavily influenced the transcriptome, explained by over-represented Gene Ontology (GO) categories. Later changes in gene expression were smaller but four phases were recognized: summer (July-August), autumn (September-October), winter (November-February) and spring (March-April), where over-represented GO categories demonstrated how the needles acclimated to the various seasons. Changes in the seasonal global transcriptome profile were accompanied by differential expression of members of the major transcription factor families. We present a tentative model of how cellular activities are regulated over the year in needles of Norway spruce, which demonstrates the value of mining this dataset, accessible in ConGenIE together with advanced visualization tools.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Bag, Pushan and Lihavainen, Jenna and Delhomme, Nicolas and Riquelme, Thomas and Robinson, Kathryn M and Jansson, Stefan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Conifers, Norway spruce, Seasonal adaptation, Transcriptomics, resource},
}

Boreal conifers possess a tremendous ability to survive and remain evergreen during harsh winter conditions and resume growth during summer. This is enabled by coordinated regulation of major cellular functions at the level of gene expression, metabolism, and physiology. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of the annual changes in the global transcriptome of Norway spruce needles as a resource to understand needle development and acclimation processes throughout the year. In young, growing needles (May 15 – June 30), cell walls, organelles etc. were formed, and this developmental program heavily influenced the transcriptome, explained by over-represented Gene Ontology (GO) categories. Later changes in gene expression were smaller but four phases were recognized: summer (July-August), autumn (September-October), winter (November-February) and spring (March-April), where over-represented GO categories demonstrated how the needles acclimated to the various seasons. Changes in the seasonal global transcriptome profile were accompanied by differential expression of members of the major transcription factor families. We present a tentative model of how cellular activities are regulated over the year in needles of Norway spruce, which demonstrates the value of mining this dataset, accessible in ConGenIE together with advanced visualization tools.

@article{rigal_network_2021,
	title = {A network of stress-related genes regulates hypocotyl elongation downstream of selective auxin perception},
	volume = {187},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab269},
	doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiab269},
	abstract = {The plant hormone auxin, a master coordinator of development, regulates hypocotyl elongation during seedling growth. We previously identified the synthetic molecule RubNeddin 1 (RN1), which induces degradation of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) transcriptional repressors INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID-INDUCIBLE3 (IAA3) and IAA7 in planta and strongly promotes hypocotyl elongation. In the present study, we show that despite the structural similarity of RN1 to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid (2,4-D), direct treatments with these compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) result in distinct effects, possibly due to enhanced uptake of RN1 and low-level, chronic release of 2,4-D from RN1 in planta. We confirm RN1-induced hypocotyl elongation occurs via specific TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1 (TIR1)/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) receptor-mediated auxin signaling involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5. Using a transcriptome profiling strategy and candidate gene approach, we identify the genes ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA10 (ZAT10), ARABIDOPSIS TOXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31), and WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN33 (WRKY33) as being rapidly upregulated by RN1, despite being downregulated by 2,4-D treatment. RN1-induced expression of these genes also occurs via TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling. Our results suggest both hypocotyl elongation and transcription of these genes are induced by RN1 via the promoted degradation of the AUX/IAA transcriptional repressor IAA7. Moreover, these three genes, which are known to be stress-related, act in an inter-dependent transcriptional regulatory network controlling hypocotyl elongation. Together, our results suggest ZAT10, ATL31, and WRKY33 take part in a common gene network regulating hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis downstream of a selective auxin perception module likely involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5 and inducing the degradation of IAA7.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Rigal, Adeline and Doyle, Siamsa M. and Ritter, Andrés and Raggi, Sara and Vain, Thomas and O’Brien, José Antonio and Goossens, Alain and Pauwels, Laurens and Robert, Stéphanie},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {430--445},
}

The plant hormone auxin, a master coordinator of development, regulates hypocotyl elongation during seedling growth. We previously identified the synthetic molecule RubNeddin 1 (RN1), which induces degradation of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) transcriptional repressors INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID-INDUCIBLE3 (IAA3) and IAA7 in planta and strongly promotes hypocotyl elongation. In the present study, we show that despite the structural similarity of RN1 to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid (2,4-D), direct treatments with these compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) result in distinct effects, possibly due to enhanced uptake of RN1 and low-level, chronic release of 2,4-D from RN1 in planta. We confirm RN1-induced hypocotyl elongation occurs via specific TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1 (TIR1)/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) receptor-mediated auxin signaling involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5. Using a transcriptome profiling strategy and candidate gene approach, we identify the genes ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA10 (ZAT10), ARABIDOPSIS TOXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31), and WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN33 (WRKY33) as being rapidly upregulated by RN1, despite being downregulated by 2,4-D treatment. RN1-induced expression of these genes also occurs via TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling. Our results suggest both hypocotyl elongation and transcription of these genes are induced by RN1 via the promoted degradation of the AUX/IAA transcriptional repressor IAA7. Moreover, these three genes, which are known to be stress-related, act in an inter-dependent transcriptional regulatory network controlling hypocotyl elongation. Together, our results suggest ZAT10, ATL31, and WRKY33 take part in a common gene network regulating hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis downstream of a selective auxin perception module likely involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5 and inducing the degradation of IAA7.

@article{ma_mads-box_2021,
	title = {{MADS}-box transcription factors {MADS11} and {DAL1} interact to mediate the vegetative-to-reproductive transition in pine},
	volume = {187},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab250},
	doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiab250},
	abstract = {The reproductive transition is an important event that is crucial for plant survival and reproduction. Relative to the thorough understanding of the vegetative phase transition in angiosperms, a little is known about this process in perennial conifers. To gain insight into the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism in conifers, we used temporal dynamic transcriptome analysis with samples from seven different ages of Pinus tabuliformis to identify a gene module substantially associated with aging. The results first demonstrated that the phase change in P. tabuliformis occurred as an unexpectedly rapid transition rather than a slow, gradual progression. The age-related gene module contains 33 transcription factors and was enriched in genes that belong to the MADS (MCMl, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS, SRF)-box family, including six SOC1-like genes and DAL1 and DAL10. Expression analysis in P. tabuliformis and a late-cone-setting P. bungeana mutant showed a tight association between PtMADS11 and reproductive competence. We then confirmed that MADS11 and DAL1 coordinate the aging pathway through physical interaction. Overexpression of PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 partially rescued the flowering of 35S::miR156A and spl1,2,3,4,5,6 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but only PtMADS11 could rescue the flowering of the ft-10 mutant, suggesting PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 play different roles in flowering regulatory networks in Arabidopsis. The PtMADS11 could not alter the flowering phenotype of soc1-1-2, indicating it may function differently from AtSOC1 in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified the MADS11 gene in pine as a regulatory mediator of the juvenile-to-adult transition with functions differentiated from the angiosperm SOC1.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-01},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Ma, Jing-Jing and Chen, Xi and Song, Yi-Tong and Zhang, Gui-Fang and Zhou, Xian-Qing and Que, Shu-Peng and Mao, Fei and Pervaiz, Tariq and Lin, Jin-Xing and Li, Yue and Li, Wei and Wu, Harry X. and Niu, Shi-Hui},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {247--262},
}

The reproductive transition is an important event that is crucial for plant survival and reproduction. Relative to the thorough understanding of the vegetative phase transition in angiosperms, a little is known about this process in perennial conifers. To gain insight into the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism in conifers, we used temporal dynamic transcriptome analysis with samples from seven different ages of Pinus tabuliformis to identify a gene module substantially associated with aging. The results first demonstrated that the phase change in P. tabuliformis occurred as an unexpectedly rapid transition rather than a slow, gradual progression. The age-related gene module contains 33 transcription factors and was enriched in genes that belong to the MADS (MCMl, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS, SRF)-box family, including six SOC1-like genes and DAL1 and DAL10. Expression analysis in P. tabuliformis and a late-cone-setting P. bungeana mutant showed a tight association between PtMADS11 and reproductive competence. We then confirmed that MADS11 and DAL1 coordinate the aging pathway through physical interaction. Overexpression of PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 partially rescued the flowering of 35S::miR156A and spl1,2,3,4,5,6 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but only PtMADS11 could rescue the flowering of the ft-10 mutant, suggesting PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 play different roles in flowering regulatory networks in Arabidopsis. The PtMADS11 could not alter the flowering phenotype of soc1-1-2, indicating it may function differently from AtSOC1 in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified the MADS11 gene in pine as a regulatory mediator of the juvenile-to-adult transition with functions differentiated from the angiosperm SOC1.

@article{lutter_belowground_2021,
	title = {Belowground resource utilization in monocultures and mixtures of {Scots} pine and {Norway} spruce},
	volume = {500},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112721007374},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119647},
	abstract = {Mixed forests have been recommended to replace monocultures, often being more productive and resilient ecosystems. Those benefits of species mixing have been suggested to be attributed to lower competition (above- and belowground) due to potential separation of resource acquisition strategies, yet a mechanistic understanding of belowground processes has largely been missing. We applied an isotopic-labelling technique using 15N and 2H at {\textasciitilde}5 cm soil depth to study acquisition of two important resources, nitrogen (N) and water, in a replicated field experiment including mature Scots pine and Norway spruce monocultures and their mixture in boreal Sweden. Based on the isotopic data, we modelled distance-dependent N and water uptake and described the horizontal reach of active rooting areas around trees. The active root area for both N and water uptake in monocultures of both species was approximately 6–10 m2. Substantially wider areas were observed inside the mixture for N acquisition (27 m2 for pine and 21 m2 for spruce). Water was mainly acquired from within a 12–15 m2 area in mixture. The mixture and the pine monocultures exhibited similar recovery of the added 15N (3.8–4.5\%) and its uptake per unit of foliage mass. The recovery of 15N for the spruce monocultures was generally lower (2.1\%) but no difference was noted in the uptake per unit of foliage mass between spruce monoculture and mixture. No differences were found for recovery of 2H between the stand types. Mixing pine and spruce did not improve the resource uptake in comparison with the estimated theoretical mixture (according to the normalized basal area in monocultures). However, the mixing revealed significant differences between tree species whereas pines inside the mixture recovered 11.3-fold more 15N than accompanying spruce. Root overlap of 3–11 trees on 1 m2 was observed in all stand types, far exceeding the degree of canopy overlap. We discuss this overlap in terms of competition between individual trees. Spruces have proportionally larger horizontal rooting area relative to their aboveground size than pines. Scots pine and Norway spruce mixing in this type of boreal forest does not significantly enhance resource acquisition but leads to compensatory partitioning of growth, suggesting fierce interspecific competition, rather than niche separation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-14},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Lutter, Reimo and Henriksson, Nils and Lim, Hyungwoo and Blaško, Róbert and Magh, Ruth-Kristina and Näsholm, Torgny and Nordin, Annika and Lundmark, Tomas and Marshall, John D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Mixed forests, Nitrogen, Root competition, Stable Isotopes, Water},
	pages = {119647},
}

Mixed forests have been recommended to replace monocultures, often being more productive and resilient ecosystems. Those benefits of species mixing have been suggested to be attributed to lower competition (above- and belowground) due to potential separation of resource acquisition strategies, yet a mechanistic understanding of belowground processes has largely been missing. We applied an isotopic-labelling technique using 15N and 2H at \textasciitilde5 cm soil depth to study acquisition of two important resources, nitrogen (N) and water, in a replicated field experiment including mature Scots pine and Norway spruce monocultures and their mixture in boreal Sweden. Based on the isotopic data, we modelled distance-dependent N and water uptake and described the horizontal reach of active rooting areas around trees. The active root area for both N and water uptake in monocultures of both species was approximately 6–10 m2. Substantially wider areas were observed inside the mixture for N acquisition (27 m2 for pine and 21 m2 for spruce). Water was mainly acquired from within a 12–15 m2 area in mixture. The mixture and the pine monocultures exhibited similar recovery of the added 15N (3.8–4.5%) and its uptake per unit of foliage mass. The recovery of 15N for the spruce monocultures was generally lower (2.1%) but no difference was noted in the uptake per unit of foliage mass between spruce monoculture and mixture. No differences were found for recovery of 2H between the stand types. Mixing pine and spruce did not improve the resource uptake in comparison with the estimated theoretical mixture (according to the normalized basal area in monocultures). However, the mixing revealed significant differences between tree species whereas pines inside the mixture recovered 11.3-fold more 15N than accompanying spruce. Root overlap of 3–11 trees on 1 m2 was observed in all stand types, far exceeding the degree of canopy overlap. We discuss this overlap in terms of competition between individual trees. Spruces have proportionally larger horizontal rooting area relative to their aboveground size than pines. Scots pine and Norway spruce mixing in this type of boreal forest does not significantly enhance resource acquisition but leads to compensatory partitioning of growth, suggesting fierce interspecific competition, rather than niche separation.

@article{templalexis_potassium_2021,
	title = {Potassium transporter {TRH1}/{KUP4} contributes to distinct auxin-mediated root system architecture responses},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab472},
	doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiab472},
	abstract = {In plants, auxin transport and development are tightly coupled, just as hormone and growth responses are intimately linked in multicellular systems. Here we provide insights into uncoupling this tight control by specifically targeting the expression of TINY ROOT HAIR 1 (TRH1), a member of plant HAK/KUP/KT transporters that facilitate potassium uptake by co-transporting protons, in Arabidopsis root cell files. Use of this system pinpointed specific root developmental responses to acropetal versus basipetal auxin transport. Loss of TRH1 function shows tiny root hairs and defective root gravitropism, associated with auxin imbalance in the root apex. Cell file-specific expression of TRH1 in the central cylinder rescued trh1 root agravitropism, whereas positional TRH1 expression in peripheral cell layers, including epidermis and cortex, restored trh1 root hair defects. Applying a systems-level approach, the role of RAP2.11 and RSL5 transcription factors in root hair development was verified. Furthermore, ERF53 and WRKY51 transcription factors were overrepresented upon restoration of root gravitropism supporting involvement in gravitropic control. Auxin has a central role in shaping root system architecture by regulating multiple developmental processes. We reveal that TRH1 jointly modulates intracellular ionic gradients and cell-to-cell polar auxin transport to drive root epidermal cell differentiation and gravitropic response. Our results indicate the developmental importance of HAK/KUP/KT proton-coupled K+ transporters.},
	number = {kiab472},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Templalexis, Dimitris and Tsitsekian, Dikran and Liu, Chen and Daras, Gerasimos and Šimura, Jan and Moschou, Panagiotis and Ljung, Karin and Hatzopoulos, Polydefkis and Rigas, Stamatis},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
}

In plants, auxin transport and development are tightly coupled, just as hormone and growth responses are intimately linked in multicellular systems. Here we provide insights into uncoupling this tight control by specifically targeting the expression of TINY ROOT HAIR 1 (TRH1), a member of plant HAK/KUP/KT transporters that facilitate potassium uptake by co-transporting protons, in Arabidopsis root cell files. Use of this system pinpointed specific root developmental responses to acropetal versus basipetal auxin transport. Loss of TRH1 function shows tiny root hairs and defective root gravitropism, associated with auxin imbalance in the root apex. Cell file-specific expression of TRH1 in the central cylinder rescued trh1 root agravitropism, whereas positional TRH1 expression in peripheral cell layers, including epidermis and cortex, restored trh1 root hair defects. Applying a systems-level approach, the role of RAP2.11 and RSL5 transcription factors in root hair development was verified. Furthermore, ERF53 and WRKY51 transcription factors were overrepresented upon restoration of root gravitropism supporting involvement in gravitropic control. Auxin has a central role in shaping root system architecture by regulating multiple developmental processes. We reveal that TRH1 jointly modulates intracellular ionic gradients and cell-to-cell polar auxin transport to drive root epidermal cell differentiation and gravitropic response. Our results indicate the developmental importance of HAK/KUP/KT proton-coupled K+ transporters.

@article{fataftah_gigantea_2021,
	title = {{GIGANTEA} influences leaf senescence in trees in two different ways},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab439},
	doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiab439},
	abstract = {GIGANTEA (GI) genes have a central role in plant development and influence several processes. Hybrid aspen T89 (Populus tremula x tremuloides) trees with low GI expression engineered through RNAi show severely compromised growth. To study the effect of reduced GI expression on leaf traits with special emphasis on leaf senescence, we grafted GI-RNAi scions onto wild-type rootstocks and successfully restored growth of the scions. The RNAi line had a distorted leaf shape and reduced photosynthesis, probably caused by modulation of phloem or stomatal function, increased starch accumulation, a higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and reduced capacity to withstand moderate light stress. GI-RNAi also induced senescence under long day (LD) and moderate light conditions. Furthermore, the GI-RNAi lines were affected in their capacity to respond to “autumn environmental cues” inducing senescence, a type of leaf senescence that has physiological and biochemical characteristics that differ from those of senescence induced directly by stress under LD conditions. Overexpression of GI delayed senescence under simulated autumn conditions. The two different effects on leaf senescence under LD or simulated autumn conditions were not affected by the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T. GI expression regulated leaf senescence locally—the phenotype followed the genotype of the branch, independent of its position on the tree—and trees with modified gene expression were affected in a similar way when grown in the field as under controlled conditions. Taken together, GI plays a central role in sensing environmental changes during autumn and determining the appropriate timing for leaf senescence in Populus.},
	number = {kiab439},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Fataftah, Nazeer and Bag, Pushan and André, Domenique and Lihavainen, Jenna and Zhang, Bo and Ingvarsson, Pär K and Nilsson, Ove and Jansson, Stefan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
}

GIGANTEA (GI) genes have a central role in plant development and influence several processes. Hybrid aspen T89 (Populus tremula x tremuloides) trees with low GI expression engineered through RNAi show severely compromised growth. To study the effect of reduced GI expression on leaf traits with special emphasis on leaf senescence, we grafted GI-RNAi scions onto wild-type rootstocks and successfully restored growth of the scions. The RNAi line had a distorted leaf shape and reduced photosynthesis, probably caused by modulation of phloem or stomatal function, increased starch accumulation, a higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and reduced capacity to withstand moderate light stress. GI-RNAi also induced senescence under long day (LD) and moderate light conditions. Furthermore, the GI-RNAi lines were affected in their capacity to respond to “autumn environmental cues” inducing senescence, a type of leaf senescence that has physiological and biochemical characteristics that differ from those of senescence induced directly by stress under LD conditions. Overexpression of GI delayed senescence under simulated autumn conditions. The two different effects on leaf senescence under LD or simulated autumn conditions were not affected by the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T. GI expression regulated leaf senescence locally—the phenotype followed the genotype of the branch, independent of its position on the tree—and trees with modified gene expression were affected in a similar way when grown in the field as under controlled conditions. Taken together, GI plays a central role in sensing environmental changes during autumn and determining the appropriate timing for leaf senescence in Populus.

@article{mahboubi_small-scale_2021,
	title = {Small-scale sequencing enables quality assessment of {Ribo}-{Seq} data: an example from {Arabidopsis} cell culture},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1746-4811},
	shorttitle = {Small-scale sequencing enables quality assessment of {Ribo}-{Seq} data},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00791-w},
	doi = {10.1186/s13007-021-00791-w},
	abstract = {Translation is a tightly regulated process, controlling the rate of protein synthesis in cells. Ribosome sequencing (Ribo-Seq) is a recently developed tool for studying actively translated mRNA and can thus directly address translational regulation. Ribo-Seq libraries need to be sequenced to a great depth due to high contamination by rRNA and other contaminating nucleic acid fragments. Deep sequencing is expensive, and it generates large volumes of data, making data analysis complicated and time consuming.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-14},
	journal = {Plant Methods},
	author = {Mahboubi, Amir and Delhomme, Nicolas and Häggström, Sara and Hanson, Johannes},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Evaluation of sequencing library quality, Ribo-Seq, Ribosomal profiling, Translation, Translational profiling},
	pages = {92},
}

Translation is a tightly regulated process, controlling the rate of protein synthesis in cells. Ribosome sequencing (Ribo-Seq) is a recently developed tool for studying actively translated mRNA and can thus directly address translational regulation. Ribo-Seq libraries need to be sequenced to a great depth due to high contamination by rRNA and other contaminating nucleic acid fragments. Deep sequencing is expensive, and it generates large volumes of data, making data analysis complicated and time consuming.

@article{asadi-aghbolaghi_protocol_2021,
	title = {Protocol development for somatic embryogenesis, {SSR} markers and genetic modification of {Stipagrostis} pennata ({Trin}.) {De} {Winter}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1746-4811},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00768-9},
	doi = {10.1186/s13007-021-00768-9},
	abstract = {Stipagrostis pennata (Trin.) De Winter is an important species for fixing sand in shifting and semi-fixed sandy lands, for grazing, and potentially as a source of lignocellulose fibres for pulp and paper industry. The seeds have low viability, which limits uses for revegetation. Somatic embryogenesis offers an alternative method for obtaining large numbers of plants from limited seed sources.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-14},
	journal = {Plant Methods},
	author = {Asadi-Aghbolaghi, Masoumeh and Dedicova, Beata and Ranade, Sonali Sachi and Le, Kim-Cuong and Sharifzadeh, Farzad and Omidi, Mansoor and Egertsdotter, Ulrika},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Agrobacterium, Grass, Plant regeneration, SSR markers, Somatic embryogenesis, Stipagrostis pennata (Trin.) De Winter},
	pages = {70},
}

Stipagrostis pennata (Trin.) De Winter is an important species for fixing sand in shifting and semi-fixed sandy lands, for grazing, and potentially as a source of lignocellulose fibres for pulp and paper industry. The seeds have low viability, which limits uses for revegetation. Somatic embryogenesis offers an alternative method for obtaining large numbers of plants from limited seed sources.

@article{stenlund_metabolic_2021,
	title = {Metabolic {Profiling} of {Plasma} in {Patients} with {Irritable} {Bowel} {Syndrome} after a 4-{Week} {Starch}- and {Sucrose}-{Reduced} {Diet}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/7/440},
	doi = {10.3390/metabo11070440},
	abstract = {A 4-week dietary intervention with a starch- and sucrose-restricted diet (SSRD) was conducted in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to examine the metabolic profile in relation to nutrient intake and gastrointestinal symptoms. IBS patients were randomized to SSRD intervention (n = 69) or control continuing with their ordinary food habits (n = 22). Food intake was registered and the questionnaires IBS-symptoms severity scale (IBS-SSS) and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) were completed. Metabolomics untargeted analysis was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in positive and negative ionization modes. SSRD led to marked changes in circulating metabolite concentrations at the group level, most prominent for reduced starch intake and increased polyunsaturated fat, with small changes in the control group. On an individual level, the correlations were weak. The marked reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms did not correlate with the metabolic changes. SSRD was observed by clear metabolic effects mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and beta-oxidation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-10-14},
	journal = {Metabolites},
	author = {Stenlund, Hans and Nilholm, Clara and Chorell, Elin and Roth, Bodil and D’Amato, Mauro and Ohlsson, Bodil},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {IBS, dietary advice, metabolic profiling, metabolomics, starch, sucrose},
	pages = {440},
}

A 4-week dietary intervention with a starch- and sucrose-restricted diet (SSRD) was conducted in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to examine the metabolic profile in relation to nutrient intake and gastrointestinal symptoms. IBS patients were randomized to SSRD intervention (n = 69) or control continuing with their ordinary food habits (n = 22). Food intake was registered and the questionnaires IBS-symptoms severity scale (IBS-SSS) and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) were completed. Metabolomics untargeted analysis was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in positive and negative ionization modes. SSRD led to marked changes in circulating metabolite concentrations at the group level, most prominent for reduced starch intake and increased polyunsaturated fat, with small changes in the control group. On an individual level, the correlations were weak. The marked reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms did not correlate with the metabolic changes. SSRD was observed by clear metabolic effects mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and beta-oxidation.

@article{chen_leveraging_2021,
	title = {Leveraging breeding programs and genomic data in {Norway} spruce ({Picea} abies {L}. {Karst}) for {GWAS} analysis},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1474-760X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02392-1},
	doi = {10.1186/s13059-021-02392-1},
	abstract = {Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify loci underlying the variation of complex traits. One of the main limitations of GWAS is the availability of reliable phenotypic data, particularly for long-lived tree species. Although an extensive amount of phenotypic data already exists in breeding programs, accounting for its high heterogeneity is a great challenge. We combine spatial and factor-analytics analyses to standardize the heterogeneous data from 120 field experiments of 483,424 progenies of Norway spruce to implement the largest reported GWAS for trees using 134 605 SNPs from exome sequencing of 5056 parental trees.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-14},
	journal = {Genome Biology},
	author = {Chen, Zhi-Qiang and Zan, Yanjun and Milesi, Pascal and Zhou, Linghua and Chen, Jun and Li, Lili and Cui, BinBin and Niu, Shihui and Westin, Johan and Karlsson, Bo and García-Gil, Maria Rosario and Lascoux, Martin and Wu, Harry X.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Budburst stage, Frost damage, Genome-wide association study, MAP3K gene, Norway spruce, Wood quality},
	pages = {179},
}

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify loci underlying the variation of complex traits. One of the main limitations of GWAS is the availability of reliable phenotypic data, particularly for long-lived tree species. Although an extensive amount of phenotypic data already exists in breeding programs, accounting for its high heterogeneity is a great challenge. We combine spatial and factor-analytics analyses to standardize the heterogeneous data from 120 field experiments of 483,424 progenies of Norway spruce to implement the largest reported GWAS for trees using 134 605 SNPs from exome sequencing of 5056 parental trees.

@article{plett_novel_2021,
	title = {Novel {Microdialysis} {Technique} {Reveals} a {Dramatic} {Shift} in {Metabolite} {Secretion} during the {Early} {Stages} of the {Interaction} between the {Ectomycorrhizal} {Fungus} {Pisolithus} microcarpus and {Its} {Host} {Eucalyptus} grandis},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/9/1817},
	doi = {10.3390/microorganisms9091817},
	abstract = {The colonisation of tree roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is the result of numerous signalling exchanges between organisms, many of which occur before physical contact. However, information is lacking about these exchanges and the compounds that are secreted by each organism before contact. This is in part due to a lack of low disturbance sampling methods with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to capture these exchanges. Using a novel in situ microdialysis approach, we sampled metabolites released from Eucalyptus grandis and Pisolithus microcarpus independently and during indirect contact over a 48-h time-course using UPLC-MS. A total of 560 and 1530 molecular features (MFs; ESI- and ESI+ respectively) were identified with significant differential abundance from control treatments. We observed that indirect contact between organisms altered the secretion of MFs to produce a distinct metabolomic profile compared to either organism independently. Many of these MFs were produced within the first hour of contact and included several phenylpropanoids, fatty acids and organic acids. These findings show that the secreted metabolome, particularly of the ECM fungus, can rapidly shift during the early stages of pre-symbiotic contact and highlight the importance of observing these early interactions in greater detail. We present microdialysis as a useful tool for examining plant–fungal signalling with high temporal resolution and with minimal experimental disturbance.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-10-14},
	journal = {Microorganisms},
	author = {Plett, Krista L. and Buckley, Scott and Plett, Jonathan M. and Anderson, Ian C. and Lundberg-Felten, Judith and Jämtgård, Sandra},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 9
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	pages = {1817},
}

The colonisation of tree roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is the result of numerous signalling exchanges between organisms, many of which occur before physical contact. However, information is lacking about these exchanges and the compounds that are secreted by each organism before contact. This is in part due to a lack of low disturbance sampling methods with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to capture these exchanges. Using a novel in situ microdialysis approach, we sampled metabolites released from Eucalyptus grandis and Pisolithus microcarpus independently and during indirect contact over a 48-h time-course using UPLC-MS. A total of 560 and 1530 molecular features (MFs; ESI- and ESI+ respectively) were identified with significant differential abundance from control treatments. We observed that indirect contact between organisms altered the secretion of MFs to produce a distinct metabolomic profile compared to either organism independently. Many of these MFs were produced within the first hour of contact and included several phenylpropanoids, fatty acids and organic acids. These findings show that the secreted metabolome, particularly of the ECM fungus, can rapidly shift during the early stages of pre-symbiotic contact and highlight the importance of observing these early interactions in greater detail. We present microdialysis as a useful tool for examining plant–fungal signalling with high temporal resolution and with minimal experimental disturbance.

@article{bag_solubilization_2021,
	title = {Solubilization {Method} for {Isolation} of {Photosynthetic} {Mega}- and {Super}-complexes from {Conifer} {Thylakoids}},
	volume = {11},
	url = {https://bio-protocol.org/e4144},
	abstract = {Photosynthesis is the main process by which sunlight is harvested and converted into chemical energy and has been a focal point of fundamental research in plant biology for decades. In higher plants, the process takes place in the thylakoid membranes where the two photosystems (PSI and PSII) are located. In the past few decades, the evolution of biophysical and biochemical techniques allowed detailed studies of the thylakoid organization and the interaction between protein complexes and cofactors. These studies have mainly focused on model plants, such as Arabidopsis, pea, spinach, and tobacco, which are grown in climate chambers even though significant differences between indoor and outdoor growth conditions are present. In this manuscript, we present a new mild-solubilization procedure for use with \“fragile\” samples such as thylakoids from conifers growing outdoors. Here, the solubilization protocol is optimized with two detergents in two species, namely Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We have optimized the isolation and characterization of PSI and PSII multimeric mega- and super-complexes in a close-to-native condition by Blue-Native gel electrophoresis. Eventually, our protocol will not only help in the characterization of photosynthetic complexes from conifers but also in understanding winter adaptation., [摘要]光合作用是收获阳光并将其转化为化学能的主要过程，几十年来一直是植物生物学基础研究的重点。在高等植物中，该过程发生在两个光系统（PSI 和 PSII）所在的类囊体膜中。在过去的几十年里，生物物理和生化技术的发展允许对类囊体组织以及蛋白质复合物和辅因子之间的相互作用进行详细研究。这些研究主要集中在模式植物，如拟南芥，p EA，小号pinach和牛逼obacco，这是 尽管室内和室外生长条件存在显着差异，但在气候室中生长。在这个手稿中，我们提出了一种新的温和溶过程的使用与“脆弱”的样品，如从不断增长的针叶树类囊体室外。在这里，增溶方案用两种物种的两种洗涤剂进行了优化，即挪威云杉 ( Picea abies ) 和苏格兰松 ( Pinus sylvestris) 。我们通过 Blue-Native 凝胶电泳优化了 PSI 和 PSII 多聚体巨型和超复合物在接近天然条件下的分离和表征。最后，我们的协议不仅会从针叶树光合复合物的特征也有助于在了解冬季适应性。 [背景]作为地球上生命的基础，光合作用已成为从中期的19大研究热点个世纪（山，1937年和1939年，本森和卡尔文，1950年，本森等人，1950年;波特，1950年; Huzisige和柯, 1993)。在几种生化表征方法中，在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶基质中分离光合多亚基复合物，如光系统 I 和 II（PSI 和 PSII），是从以前的方法中优化的（Sch\&\#228;gger 和 von Jagow，1991；K\&\#252;gler等人，1997；J\&\#228;rvi等人，2011 年；Haniewicz等人，2015 年；Farci等人，2017 年；Rantala等人，2017 年）。此外，增溶的方法，以提取演变在过去几十年的那些复合物，从“苛刻”朝向“温柔”程序移动小号通过使用清洁剂具有较低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）和在较低浓度。这同样适用于旨在为结构性和功能性analys提取膜蛋白复合物的所有程序真正\&\#234;秒。然而，样品制备和生化特性保持challeng ING 。 在几乎所有的生化研究，蛋白复合物的分离是一个成功的根本重要性NY项目。协议需要稳健且可重复，以最大限度地减少提取之间的差异。对于成功的分离和表征的一个关键因素是所述雇用的精神疾病根据使用的材料最适合的洗涤剂，考虑荷兰国际集团的CMC，孵育时间，和溶解过程中的温度，而且在混合过程。获得使分离的膜蛋白复合物保持完整、接近天然状态的协议是一项更加精细的任务。溶液中的蛋白质复合物不一定具有天然和稳定的结构；此外，用于提取的去污剂可能不适用于纯化程序和后续研究。类囊体膜中溶解有不同的洗涤剂，如正十二烷基β-d-D-吡喃麦芽糖苷（β-DDM），正-十二烷基α-d-D-吡喃麦芽糖苷（α-DDM），和毛地黄皂苷，在效率取决于类囊体区域（谷物或气孔薄片）和物种（Barera等人，2012 年；Haniewicz等人，2013 年和 2015 年；Albanese等人，2016 年；Rantala等人，2017 年）。分离的光合复合物已在拟南芥、豌豆和菠菜中得到充分表征（Albanese等，2016；Rantala等，2017；Wood等，2018），并在其他物种中部分表征，例如烟草L.、Physcomitrella patens 、Picea abies L. (Norway spruce)、Selaginella martensii 、Oryza sativa L.和Zea mays L. (D\&\#39;Amici et al. , 2008; Romanowska et al. , 2008; Haniewicz等人，2013 年和 2015 年；Ferroni等人，2014 年；Shen等人，2017 年；Iwai等人，2018 年；Grebe等人，2019 年；Kouřil等人，2020 年）。不同的去污剂浓度、两种去污剂的混合物和多步骤策略（例如差异溶解）也用于优化溶解（Wientjes等人，2013 年；Haniewicz等人，2015 年）。这些方法获得了关于 PSII 中的寡聚状态、亚基组成和动力学的详细知识。为了实现可重复性，这些研究中的大多数是在室内种植的植物上进行的，但它们不一定能得出在自然条件下光合作用调节如何发生的答案。相反，在树种（研究例如，P.冷杉）是一个具有挑战性的生长条件（如北半球冬季）提供光合适应的更复杂的图像对环境胁迫（袋等人，2020;鷉等人，2020; Chang等人，2021 年）。对于这些种类，在组成和数量在光合络合物几个不同的报道：三重磷酸化的存在的新颖LHCB1变体，实现冬季需要-适于叶绿体结构（包。等人，2020;鷉。等人，2020） ; 高阶巨型复合物（Kouřil et al. , 2020），这在高等植物中仍然是一个有争议的问题；和不存在的PSI-NDH复杂，大型复合物，和所谓的M-LHCII复合物（巴斯和傣族，1992; Nystedt等人，2013;Kouřil 。等人，2016）。所述后者是最有可能的组件含有Lhcb3和Lhcb6其缺少在LHCII的松科针叶树家族的（Kouřil等人，2016;鷉等人，2019），但存在于拟南芥。对于因此，优化的生物化学程序的分离和表征的膜复合物，需要寻求这样的挑战螺柱IES ，比较不同的物种，并获得有意义的见解对结构/功能上的差别。在这份手稿中，我们使用毛地黄皂苷应用并改进了一种温和的增溶程序，用于从挪威云杉 ( P. abies ) 和苏格兰松 ( P. sylvestris ) 中分离类囊体复合物。该复合物是特征分析d由蓝天然凝胶电泳（BN-PAGE）和变性第二维凝胶电泳（2D SDS-PAGE）。这种新优化的协议将通过改进接近天然状态的提取程序来进一步表征 PSI 和 PSII 复合物，在这些物种中，经典的 α-/β-DDM 增溶无法实现。˚F inally ，这种可用性方法开小号在常绿松树获得冬季适应过程的深入了解路径。},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2021-10-05},
	journal = {Bio-protocol},
	author = {Bag, Pushan and Schröder, Wolfgang P. and Jansson, Stefan and Farci, Domenica},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e4144--e4144},
}

Photosynthesis is the main process by which sunlight is harvested and converted into chemical energy and has been a focal point of fundamental research in plant biology for decades. In higher plants, the process takes place in the thylakoid membranes where the two photosystems (PSI and PSII) are located. In the past few decades, the evolution of biophysical and biochemical techniques allowed detailed studies of the thylakoid organization and the interaction between protein complexes and cofactors. These studies have mainly focused on model plants, such as Arabidopsis, pea, spinach, and tobacco, which are grown in climate chambers even though significant differences between indoor and outdoor growth conditions are present. In this manuscript, we present a new mild-solubilization procedure for use with “fragile” samples such as thylakoids from conifers growing outdoors. Here, the solubilization protocol is optimized with two detergents in two species, namely Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We have optimized the isolation and characterization of PSI and PSII multimeric mega- and super-complexes in a close-to-native condition by Blue-Native gel electrophoresis. Eventually, our protocol will not only help in the characterization of photosynthetic complexes from conifers but also in understanding winter adaptation., [摘要]光合作用是收获阳光并将其转化为化学能的主要过程，几十年来一直是植物生物学基础研究的重点。在高等植物中，该过程发生在两个光系统（PSI 和 PSII）所在的类囊体膜中。在过去的几十年里，生物物理和生化技术的发展允许对类囊体组织以及蛋白质复合物和辅因子之间的相互作用进行详细研究。这些研究主要集中在模式植物，如拟南芥，p EA，小号pinach和牛逼obacco，这是 尽管室内和室外生长条件存在显着差异，但在气候室中生长。在这个手稿中，我们提出了一种新的温和溶过程的使用与“脆弱”的样品，如从不断增长的针叶树类囊体室外。在这里，增溶方案用两种物种的两种洗涤剂进行了优化，即挪威云杉 ( Picea abies ) 和苏格兰松 ( Pinus sylvestris) 。我们通过 Blue-Native 凝胶电泳优化了 PSI 和 PSII 多聚体巨型和超复合物在接近天然条件下的分离和表征。最后，我们的协议不仅会从针叶树光合复合物的特征也有助于在了解冬季适应性。 [背景]作为地球上生命的基础，光合作用已成为从中期的19大研究热点个世纪（山，1937年和1939年，本森和卡尔文，1950年，本森等人，1950年;波特，1950年; Huzisige和柯, 1993)。在几种生化表征方法中，在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶基质中分离光合多亚基复合物，如光系统 I 和 II（PSI 和 PSII），是从以前的方法中优化的（Schägger 和 von Jagow，1991；Kügler等人，1997；Järvi等人，2011 年；Haniewicz等人，2015 年；Farci等人，2017 年；Rantala等人，2017 年）。此外，增溶的方法，以提取演变在过去几十年的那些复合物，从“苛刻”朝向“温柔”程序移动小号通过使用清洁剂具有较低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）和在较低浓度。这同样适用于旨在为结构性和功能性analys提取膜蛋白复合物的所有程序真正ê秒。然而，样品制备和生化特性保持challeng ING 。 在几乎所有的生化研究，蛋白复合物的分离是一个成功的根本重要性NY项目。协议需要稳健且可重复，以最大限度地减少提取之间的差异。对于成功的分离和表征的一个关键因素是所述雇用的精神疾病根据使用的材料最适合的洗涤剂，考虑荷兰国际集团的CMC，孵育时间，和溶解过程中的温度，而且在混合过程。获得使分离的膜蛋白复合物保持完整、接近天然状态的协议是一项更加精细的任务。溶液中的蛋白质复合物不一定具有天然和稳定的结构；此外，用于提取的去污剂可能不适用于纯化程序和后续研究。类囊体膜中溶解有不同的洗涤剂，如正十二烷基β-d-D-吡喃麦芽糖苷（β-DDM），正-十二烷基α-d-D-吡喃麦芽糖苷（α-DDM），和毛地黄皂苷，在效率取决于类囊体区域（谷物或气孔薄片）和物种（Barera等人，2012 年；Haniewicz等人，2013 年和 2015 年；Albanese等人，2016 年；Rantala等人，2017 年）。分离的光合复合物已在拟南芥、豌豆和菠菜中得到充分表征（Albanese等，2016；Rantala等，2017；Wood等，2018），并在其他物种中部分表征，例如烟草L.、Physcomitrella patens 、Picea abies L. (Norway spruce)、Selaginella martensii 、Oryza sativa L.和Zea mays L. (D'Amici et al. , 2008; Romanowska et al. , 2008; Haniewicz等人，2013 年和 2015 年；Ferroni等人，2014 年；Shen等人，2017 年；Iwai等人，2018 年；Grebe等人，2019 年；Kouřil等人，2020 年）。不同的去污剂浓度、两种去污剂的混合物和多步骤策略（例如差异溶解）也用于优化溶解（Wientjes等人，2013 年；Haniewicz等人，2015 年）。这些方法获得了关于 PSII 中的寡聚状态、亚基组成和动力学的详细知识。为了实现可重复性，这些研究中的大多数是在室内种植的植物上进行的，但它们不一定能得出在自然条件下光合作用调节如何发生的答案。相反，在树种（研究例如，P.冷杉）是一个具有挑战性的生长条件（如北半球冬季）提供光合适应的更复杂的图像对环境胁迫（袋等人，2020;鷉等人，2020; Chang等人，2021 年）。对于这些种类，在组成和数量在光合络合物几个不同的报道：三重磷酸化的存在的新颖LHCB1变体，实现冬季需要-适于叶绿体结构（包。等人，2020;鷉。等人，2020） ; 高阶巨型复合物（Kouřil et al. , 2020），这在高等植物中仍然是一个有争议的问题；和不存在的PSI-NDH复杂，大型复合物，和所谓的M-LHCII复合物（巴斯和傣族，1992; Nystedt等人，2013;Kouřil 。等人，2016）。所述后者是最有可能的组件含有Lhcb3和Lhcb6其缺少在LHCII的松科针叶树家族的（Kouřil等人，2016;鷉等人，2019），但存在于拟南芥。对于因此，优化的生物化学程序的分离和表征的膜复合物，需要寻求这样的挑战螺柱IES ，比较不同的物种，并获得有意义的见解对结构/功能上的差别。在这份手稿中，我们使用毛地黄皂苷应用并改进了一种温和的增溶程序，用于从挪威云杉 ( P. abies ) 和苏格兰松 ( P. sylvestris ) 中分离类囊体复合物。该复合物是特征分析d由蓝天然凝胶电泳（BN-PAGE）和变性第二维凝胶电泳（2D SDS-PAGE）。这种新优化的协议将通过改进接近天然状态的提取程序来进一步表征 PSI 和 PSII 复合物，在这些物种中，经典的 α-/β-DDM 增溶无法实现。˚F inally ，这种可用性方法开小号在常绿松树获得冬季适应过程的深入了解路径。

@article{martin_exploring_2021,
	title = {Exploring the β-tubulin gene family in a benzimidazole-resistant {Parascaris} univalens population},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {2211-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211320721000403},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.004},
	abstract = {Benzimidazole (BZ) drugs are frequently used to treat infections with the equine ascarid Parascaris univalens due to increasing resistance to macrocyclic lactones and pyrantel. Benzimidazole resistance is rare in ascarids in contrast to strongyle parasites where this resistance is widespread. In strongyles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons 167, 198 and 200 in a β-tubulin gene have been correlated to BZ resistance, but little is known about the β-tubulin genes and their possible involvement in BZ resistance in P. univalens and other ascarids. Previously two β-tubulin genes have been identified in P. univalens. In this study, we present five additional β-tubulin genes as well as the phylogenetic relationship of all seven genes to β-tubulins of other clade III and V nematodes. In addition, the efficacy of fenbendazole for treatment of P. univalens on a Swedish stud farm was studied in 2019 and 2020 using faecal egg count reduction test. Reductions varied from 73\% to 88\%, indicating the presence of a resistant P. univalens population on the farm. The emergence of BZ resistance emphasizes the need for development of molecular markers for rapid and more sensitive detection of resistant populations. We therefore investigated whether possible SNPs at positions 167, 198 or 200 in any of the β-tubulin genes could be used to distinguish between resistant and susceptible P. univalens populations. Amplicon sequencing covering the mutation sites 167, 198 and 200 in all seven β-tubulin genes revealed an absence of SNPs in both resistant and susceptible populations, suggesting that the mechanism behind BZ resistance in ascarids is different from that in strongyle nematodes and the search for a molecular marker for BZ resistance in P. univalens needs to continue.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-01},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance},
	author = {Martin, Frida and Halvarsson, Peter and Delhomme, Nicolas and Höglund, Johan and Tydén, Eva},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Amplicon sequencing, Anthelmintic resistance, Equine, Fenbendazole},
	pages = {84--91},
}

Benzimidazole (BZ) drugs are frequently used to treat infections with the equine ascarid Parascaris univalens due to increasing resistance to macrocyclic lactones and pyrantel. Benzimidazole resistance is rare in ascarids in contrast to strongyle parasites where this resistance is widespread. In strongyles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons 167, 198 and 200 in a β-tubulin gene have been correlated to BZ resistance, but little is known about the β-tubulin genes and their possible involvement in BZ resistance in P. univalens and other ascarids. Previously two β-tubulin genes have been identified in P. univalens. In this study, we present five additional β-tubulin genes as well as the phylogenetic relationship of all seven genes to β-tubulins of other clade III and V nematodes. In addition, the efficacy of fenbendazole for treatment of P. univalens on a Swedish stud farm was studied in 2019 and 2020 using faecal egg count reduction test. Reductions varied from 73% to 88%, indicating the presence of a resistant P. univalens population on the farm. The emergence of BZ resistance emphasizes the need for development of molecular markers for rapid and more sensitive detection of resistant populations. We therefore investigated whether possible SNPs at positions 167, 198 or 200 in any of the β-tubulin genes could be used to distinguish between resistant and susceptible P. univalens populations. Amplicon sequencing covering the mutation sites 167, 198 and 200 in all seven β-tubulin genes revealed an absence of SNPs in both resistant and susceptible populations, suggesting that the mechanism behind BZ resistance in ascarids is different from that in strongyle nematodes and the search for a molecular marker for BZ resistance in P. univalens needs to continue.

@article{lim_organic_2021,
	title = {Organic nitrogen enhances nitrogen nutrition and early growth of {Pinus} sylvestris seedlings},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab127},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpab127},
	abstract = {Boreal trees are capable of taking up organic nitrogen (N) as effectively as inorganic N. Depending on the abundance of soil N forms, plants may adjust physiological and morphological traits to optimize N uptake. However, the link between these traits and N uptake in response to soil N sources is poorly understood. We examined Pinus sylvestris seedlings’ biomass growth and allocation, transpiration, and N uptake in response to additions of organic (the amino acid arginine) or inorganic N (ammonium-nitrate). We also monitored in-situ soil N fluxes in the pots following an addition of N, using a microdialysis system. Supplying organic N resulted in a stable soil N flux, whereas the inorganic N resulted in a sharp increase of nitrate flux followed by a rapid decline, demonstrating a fluctuating N supply and a risk for loss of nitrate from the growth medium. Seedlings supplied with organic N achieved a greater biomass with a higher N content, thus reaching a higher N recovery compared with those supplied inorganic N. In spite of a higher N concentration in organic N seedlings, root-to-shoot ratio and transpiration per unit leaf area were similar to those of inorganic N seedlings. We conclude that enhanced seedlings’ nutrition and growth under the organic N source may be attributed to a stable supply of N, owing to a strong retention rate in the soil medium.},
	number = {tpab127},
	urldate = {2021-10-01},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Lim, Hyungwoo and Jämtgård, Sandra and Oren, Ram and Gruffman, Linda and Kunz, Sabine and Näsholm, Torgny},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
}

Boreal trees are capable of taking up organic nitrogen (N) as effectively as inorganic N. Depending on the abundance of soil N forms, plants may adjust physiological and morphological traits to optimize N uptake. However, the link between these traits and N uptake in response to soil N sources is poorly understood. We examined Pinus sylvestris seedlings’ biomass growth and allocation, transpiration, and N uptake in response to additions of organic (the amino acid arginine) or inorganic N (ammonium-nitrate). We also monitored in-situ soil N fluxes in the pots following an addition of N, using a microdialysis system. Supplying organic N resulted in a stable soil N flux, whereas the inorganic N resulted in a sharp increase of nitrate flux followed by a rapid decline, demonstrating a fluctuating N supply and a risk for loss of nitrate from the growth medium. Seedlings supplied with organic N achieved a greater biomass with a higher N content, thus reaching a higher N recovery compared with those supplied inorganic N. In spite of a higher N concentration in organic N seedlings, root-to-shoot ratio and transpiration per unit leaf area were similar to those of inorganic N seedlings. We conclude that enhanced seedlings’ nutrition and growth under the organic N source may be attributed to a stable supply of N, owing to a strong retention rate in the soil medium.

@article{li_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards understanding the biological foundations of perenniality},
	issn = {1360-1385},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138521002181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.007},
	abstract = {Perennial life cycles enable plants to have remarkably long lifespans, as exemplified by trees that can live for thousands of years. For this, they require sophisticated regulatory networks that sense environmental changes and initiate adaptive responses in their growth patterns. Recent research has gradually elucidated fundamental mechanisms underlying the perennial life cycle. Intriguingly, several conserved components of the floral transition pathway in annuals such as Arabidopsis thaliana also participate in these regulatory mechanisms underpinning perenniality. Here, we provide an overview of perennials’ physiological features and summarise their recently discovered molecular foundations. We also highlight the importance of deepening our understanding of perenniality in the development of perennial grain crops, which are promising elements of future sustainable agriculture.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-30},
	journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
	author = {Li, Zheng and Lathe, Rahul S. and Li, Jinping and He, Hong and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {perenniality, polycarpy, seasonal adaptation, sustainable agriculture},
}

Perennial life cycles enable plants to have remarkably long lifespans, as exemplified by trees that can live for thousands of years. For this, they require sophisticated regulatory networks that sense environmental changes and initiate adaptive responses in their growth patterns. Recent research has gradually elucidated fundamental mechanisms underlying the perennial life cycle. Intriguingly, several conserved components of the floral transition pathway in annuals such as Arabidopsis thaliana also participate in these regulatory mechanisms underpinning perenniality. Here, we provide an overview of perennials’ physiological features and summarise their recently discovered molecular foundations. We also highlight the importance of deepening our understanding of perenniality in the development of perennial grain crops, which are promising elements of future sustainable agriculture.

@article{pramod_saccharification_2021,
	title = {Saccharification {Potential} of {Transgenic} {Greenhouse}- and {Field}-{Grown} {Aspen} {Engineered} for {Reduced} {Xylan} {Acetylation}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-462X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2021.704960},
	doi = {10.3389/fpls.2021.704960},
	abstract = {High acetylation of xylan in hardwoods decreases their value as biorefinery feedstocks. To counter this problem, we have constitutively suppressed RWA genes encoding acetyl-CoA transporters using the 35S promoter, or constitutively and wood-specifically (using the WP promoter) expressed fungal acetyl xylan esterases of families CE1 (AnAXE1) and CE5 (HjAXE), to reduce acetylation in hybrid aspen. All these transformations improved the saccharification of wood from greenhouse-grown trees. Here, we describe the chemical properties and saccharification potential of the resulting lines grown in a five-year field trial, and one type of them (WP:AnAXE1) in greenhouse conditions. Chemically, the lignocellulose of the field- and greenhouse-field-grown plants slightly differed, but the reductions in acetylation and saccharification improvement of engineered trees were largely maintained in the field. The main novel phenotypic observation in the field was higher lignification in lines with the WP promoter than those with the 35S promoter. Following growth in the field, saccharification glucose yields were higher from most transformed lines than from wild-type (WT) plants with no pretreatment, but there was no improvement in saccharification with acid pretreatment. Thus, acid pretreatment removes most recalcitrance caused by acetylation. We found a complex relationship between acetylation and glucose yields in saccharification without pretreatment, suggesting that other variables, for example, the acetylation pattern, affect recalcitrance. Bigger gains in glucose yields were observed in lines with the 35S promoter than in those with the WP promoter, possibly due to their lower lignin content. However, better lignocellulose saccharification of these lines was offset by a growth penalty and their glucose yield per tree was lower. In a comparison of the best lines with each construct, WP:AnAXE1 provided the highest glucose yield per tree from saccharification, with and without pretreatment, WP:HjAXE yields were similar to those of WT plants, and yields of lines with other constructs were lower. These results show that lignocellulose properties of field-grown trees can be improved by reducing cell wall acetylation using various approaches, but some affect productivity in the field. Thus, better understanding of molecular and physiological consequences of deacetylation is needed to obtain quantitatively better results.},
	urldate = {2021-09-30},
	journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
	author = {Pramod, Sivan and Gandla, Madhavi Latha and Derba-Maceluch, Marta and Jönsson, Leif J. and Mellerowicz, Ewa J. and Winestrand, Sandra},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1722},
}

High acetylation of xylan in hardwoods decreases their value as biorefinery feedstocks. To counter this problem, we have constitutively suppressed RWA genes encoding acetyl-CoA transporters using the 35S promoter, or constitutively and wood-specifically (using the WP promoter) expressed fungal acetyl xylan esterases of families CE1 (AnAXE1) and CE5 (HjAXE), to reduce acetylation in hybrid aspen. All these transformations improved the saccharification of wood from greenhouse-grown trees. Here, we describe the chemical properties and saccharification potential of the resulting lines grown in a five-year field trial, and one type of them (WP:AnAXE1) in greenhouse conditions. Chemically, the lignocellulose of the field- and greenhouse-field-grown plants slightly differed, but the reductions in acetylation and saccharification improvement of engineered trees were largely maintained in the field. The main novel phenotypic observation in the field was higher lignification in lines with the WP promoter than those with the 35S promoter. Following growth in the field, saccharification glucose yields were higher from most transformed lines than from wild-type (WT) plants with no pretreatment, but there was no improvement in saccharification with acid pretreatment. Thus, acid pretreatment removes most recalcitrance caused by acetylation. We found a complex relationship between acetylation and glucose yields in saccharification without pretreatment, suggesting that other variables, for example, the acetylation pattern, affect recalcitrance. Bigger gains in glucose yields were observed in lines with the 35S promoter than in those with the WP promoter, possibly due to their lower lignin content. However, better lignocellulose saccharification of these lines was offset by a growth penalty and their glucose yield per tree was lower. In a comparison of the best lines with each construct, WP:AnAXE1 provided the highest glucose yield per tree from saccharification, with and without pretreatment, WP:HjAXE yields were similar to those of WT plants, and yields of lines with other constructs were lower. These results show that lignocellulose properties of field-grown trees can be improved by reducing cell wall acetylation using various approaches, but some affect productivity in the field. Thus, better understanding of molecular and physiological consequences of deacetylation is needed to obtain quantitatively better results.

@article{dominguez_mobile_2021,
	title = {Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	shorttitle = {Mobile forms of carbon in trees},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab123},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpab123},
	abstract = {Plants constitute 80\% of the biomass on earth, and almost two thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon demanding process and relies on carbon transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate carbon in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which carbon is transported, found in the phloem sap of all so far investigated tree species. However, in several tree species sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Further, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular carbon recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in carbon transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate related environmental factors will not either explain the diversity of carbon transport forms. However, the consideration of C transport mechanisms in relation to tree—rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.},
	number = {tpab123},
	urldate = {2021-09-21},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Dominguez, Pia Guadalupe and Niittylä, Totte},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
}

Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon demanding process and relies on carbon transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate carbon in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which carbon is transported, found in the phloem sap of all so far investigated tree species. However, in several tree species sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Further, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular carbon recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in carbon transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate related environmental factors will not either explain the diversity of carbon transport forms. However, the consideration of C transport mechanisms in relation to tree—rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.

@article{robinson_variation_2021,
	title = {Variation in non-target traits in genetically modified hybrid aspens does not exceed natural variation},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1871-6784},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871678421000625},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nbt.2021.05.005},
	abstract = {Genetically modified hybrid aspens (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx.), selected for increased growth under controlled conditions, have been grown in highly replicated field trials to evaluate how the target trait (growth) translated to natural conditions. Moreover, the variation was compared among genotypes of ecologically important non-target traits: number of shoots, bud set, pathogen infection, amount of insect herbivory, composition of the insect herbivore community and flower bud induction. This variation was compared with the variation in a population of randomly selected natural accessions of P. tremula grown in common garden trials, to estimate how the “unintended variation” present in transgenic trees, which in the future may be commercialized, compares with natural variation. The natural variation in the traits was found to be typically significantly greater. The data suggest that when authorities evaluate the potential risks associated with a field experiment or commercial introduction of transgenic trees, risk evaluation should focus on target traits and that unintentional variation in non-target traits is of less concern.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-21},
	journal = {New Biotechnology},
	author = {Robinson, Kathryn M. and Möller, Linus and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P. and Hertzberg, Magnus and Nilsson, Ove and Jansson, Stefan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {European aspen, Field experiment, Genetically modified, Hybrid aspen, Natural variation, Non-target traits},
	pages = {27--36},
}

Genetically modified hybrid aspens (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx.), selected for increased growth under controlled conditions, have been grown in highly replicated field trials to evaluate how the target trait (growth) translated to natural conditions. Moreover, the variation was compared among genotypes of ecologically important non-target traits: number of shoots, bud set, pathogen infection, amount of insect herbivory, composition of the insect herbivore community and flower bud induction. This variation was compared with the variation in a population of randomly selected natural accessions of P. tremula grown in common garden trials, to estimate how the “unintended variation” present in transgenic trees, which in the future may be commercialized, compares with natural variation. The natural variation in the traits was found to be typically significantly greater. The data suggest that when authorities evaluate the potential risks associated with a field experiment or commercial introduction of transgenic trees, risk evaluation should focus on target traits and that unintentional variation in non-target traits is of less concern.

@article{muralidhara_perturbations_2021,
	title = {Perturbations in plant energy homeostasis prime lateral root initiation via {SnRK1}-{bZIP63}-{ARF19} signaling},
	volume = {118},
	copyright = {© 2021 . https://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtmlPublished under the PNAS license.},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/118/37/e2106961118},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2106961118},
	abstract = {Plants adjust their energy metabolism to continuous environmental fluctuations, resulting in a tremendous plasticity in their architecture. The regulatory circuits involved, however, remain largely unresolved. In Arabidopsis, moderate perturbations in photosynthetic activity, administered by short-term low light exposure or unexpected darkness, lead to increased lateral root (LR) initiation. Consistent with expression of low-energy markers, these treatments alter energy homeostasis and reduce sugar availability in roots. Here, we demonstrate that the LR response requires the metabolic stress sensor kinase Snf1-RELATED-KINASE1 (SnRK1), which phosphorylates the transcription factor BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER63 (bZIP63) that directly binds and activates the promoter of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR19 (ARF19), a key regulator of LR initiation. Consistently, starvation-induced ARF19 transcription is impaired in bzip63 mutants. This study highlights a positive developmental function of SnRK1. During energy limitation, LRs are initiated and primed for outgrowth upon recovery. Hence, this study provides mechanistic insights into how energy shapes the agronomically important root system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {37},
	urldate = {2021-09-17},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Muralidhara, Prathibha and Weiste, Christoph and Collani, Silvio and Krischke, Markus and Kreisz, Philipp and Draken, Jan and Feil, Regina and Mair, Andrea and Teige, Markus and Müller, Martin J. and Schmid, Markus and Becker, Dirk and Lunn, John E. and Rolland, Filip and Hanson, Johannes and Dröge-Laser, Wolfgang},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34504003},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {ARF19, SnRK1, bZIP63, lateral root, metabolic homeostasis},
}

Plants adjust their energy metabolism to continuous environmental fluctuations, resulting in a tremendous plasticity in their architecture. The regulatory circuits involved, however, remain largely unresolved. In Arabidopsis, moderate perturbations in photosynthetic activity, administered by short-term low light exposure or unexpected darkness, lead to increased lateral root (LR) initiation. Consistent with expression of low-energy markers, these treatments alter energy homeostasis and reduce sugar availability in roots. Here, we demonstrate that the LR response requires the metabolic stress sensor kinase Snf1-RELATED-KINASE1 (SnRK1), which phosphorylates the transcription factor BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER63 (bZIP63) that directly binds and activates the promoter of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR19 (ARF19), a key regulator of LR initiation. Consistently, starvation-induced ARF19 transcription is impaired in bzip63 mutants. This study highlights a positive developmental function of SnRK1. During energy limitation, LRs are initiated and primed for outgrowth upon recovery. Hence, this study provides mechanistic insights into how energy shapes the agronomically important root system.

@article{calderon_how_2021,
	title = {How retrograde signaling is intertwined with the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1879-0356},
	doi = {10/gmkx8p},
	abstract = {Chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution was accompanied by the development of a communication system between the host and the endosymbiont, referred to as retrograde signaling or organelle-to-nucleus signaling. In higher plants, plastid-to-nucleus signaling involves multiple signaling pathways necessary to coordinate plastid function and cellular responses to developmental and environmental stimuli. Phylogenetic reconstructions using sequence information from evolutionarily diverse photosynthetic eukaryotes have begun to provide information about how retrograde signaling pathways were adopted and modified in different lineages over time. A tight communication system was likely a major facilitator of plants conquest of the land because it would have enabled the algal ancestors of land plants to better allocate their cellular resources in response to high light and desiccation, the major stressor for streptophyte algae in a terrestrial habitat. In this review, we aim to give an evolutionary perspective on plastid-to-nucleus signaling.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Plant Biology},
	author = {Calderon, Robert H. and Strand, Åsa},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34390927},
	keywords = {Cyanobacteria, Endosymbiosis event, Mitochondria, Plastids, Retrograde signals, Stress, lncRNA.},
	pages = {102093},
}

Chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution was accompanied by the development of a communication system between the host and the endosymbiont, referred to as retrograde signaling or organelle-to-nucleus signaling. In higher plants, plastid-to-nucleus signaling involves multiple signaling pathways necessary to coordinate plastid function and cellular responses to developmental and environmental stimuli. Phylogenetic reconstructions using sequence information from evolutionarily diverse photosynthetic eukaryotes have begun to provide information about how retrograde signaling pathways were adopted and modified in different lineages over time. A tight communication system was likely a major facilitator of plants conquest of the land because it would have enabled the algal ancestors of land plants to better allocate their cellular resources in response to high light and desiccation, the major stressor for streptophyte algae in a terrestrial habitat. In this review, we aim to give an evolutionary perspective on plastid-to-nucleus signaling.

@article{graca_high-resolution_2021,
	title = {High-resolution model of {Arabidopsis} {Photosystem} {II} reveals the structural consequences of digitonin-extraction},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94914-x},
	doi = {10/gmgjvj},
	abstract = {In higher plants, the photosynthetic process is performed and regulated by Photosystem II (PSII). Arabidopsis thaliana was the first higher plant with a fully sequenced genome, conferring it the status of a model organism; nonetheless, a high-resolution structure of its Photosystem II is missing. We present the first Cryo-EM high-resolution structure of Arabidopsis PSII supercomplex with average resolution of 2.79 Å, an important model for future PSII studies. The digitonin extracted PSII complexes demonstrate the importance of: the LHG2630-lipid-headgroup in the trimerization of the light-harvesting complex II; the stabilization of the PsbJ subunit and the CP43-loop E by DGD520-lipid; the choice of detergent for the integrity of membrane protein complexes. Furthermore, our data shows at the anticipated Mn4CaO5-site a single metal ion density as a reminiscent early stage of Photosystem II photoactivation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-08-26},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Graça, André T. and Hall, Michael and Persson, Karina and Schröder, Wolfgang P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a
Cc\_license\_type: cc\_by
Cg\_type: Nature Research Journals
Number: 1
Primary\_atype: Research
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Subject\_term: Biochemistry;Plant sciences;Structural biology
Subject\_term\_id: biochemistry;plant-sciences;structural-biology},
	pages = {15534},
}

In higher plants, the photosynthetic process is performed and regulated by Photosystem II (PSII). Arabidopsis thaliana was the first higher plant with a fully sequenced genome, conferring it the status of a model organism; nonetheless, a high-resolution structure of its Photosystem II is missing. We present the first Cryo-EM high-resolution structure of Arabidopsis PSII supercomplex with average resolution of 2.79 Å, an important model for future PSII studies. The digitonin extracted PSII complexes demonstrate the importance of: the LHG2630-lipid-headgroup in the trimerization of the light-harvesting complex II; the stabilization of the PsbJ subunit and the CP43-loop E by DGD520-lipid; the choice of detergent for the integrity of membrane protein complexes. Furthermore, our data shows at the anticipated Mn4CaO5-site a single metal ion density as a reminiscent early stage of Photosystem II photoactivation.

@article{bag_light_2021,
	title = {Light {Harvesting} in {Fluctuating} {Environments}: {Evolution} and {Function} of {Antenna} {Proteins} across {Photosynthetic} {Lineage}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	shorttitle = {Light {Harvesting} in {Fluctuating} {Environments}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1184},
	doi = {10/gkhz4d},
	abstract = {Photosynthesis is the major natural process that can harvest and harness solar energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is performed by a vast number of organisms from single cellular bacteria to higher plants and to make the process efficient, all photosynthetic organisms possess a special type of pigment protein complex(es) that is (are) capable of trapping light energy, known as photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae. From an evolutionary point of view, simpler (unicellular) organisms typically have a simple antenna, whereas higher plants possess complex antenna systems. The higher complexity of the antenna systems provides efficient fine tuning of photosynthesis. This relationship between the complexity of the antenna and the increasing complexity of the organism is mainly related to the remarkable acclimation capability of complex organisms under fluctuating environmental conditions. These antenna complexes not only harvest light, but also provide photoprotection under fluctuating light conditions. In this review, the evolution, structure, and function of different antenna complexes, from single cellular organisms to higher plants, are discussed in the context of the ability to acclimate and adapt to cope under fluctuating environmental conditions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-06-15},
	journal = {Plants},
	author = {Bag, Pushan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 6
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {angiosperms, cyanobacteria, evolution, gymnosperms, light-harvesting complexes, photoprotection, photosynthesis, phycobilisomes},
	pages = {1184},
}

Photosynthesis is the major natural process that can harvest and harness solar energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is performed by a vast number of organisms from single cellular bacteria to higher plants and to make the process efficient, all photosynthetic organisms possess a special type of pigment protein complex(es) that is (are) capable of trapping light energy, known as photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae. From an evolutionary point of view, simpler (unicellular) organisms typically have a simple antenna, whereas higher plants possess complex antenna systems. The higher complexity of the antenna systems provides efficient fine tuning of photosynthesis. This relationship between the complexity of the antenna and the increasing complexity of the organism is mainly related to the remarkable acclimation capability of complex organisms under fluctuating environmental conditions. These antenna complexes not only harvest light, but also provide photoprotection under fluctuating light conditions. In this review, the evolution, structure, and function of different antenna complexes, from single cellular organisms to higher plants, are discussed in the context of the ability to acclimate and adapt to cope under fluctuating environmental conditions.

@article{mateo-bonmati_broadening_2021,
	title = {Broadening the roles of {UDP}-glycosyltransferases in auxin homeostasis and plant development},
	issn = {1469-8137},
	doi = {10/gmhq7j},
	abstract = {The levels of the important plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are tightly controlled within plant tissues to spatiotemporally orchestrate concentration gradients that drive plant growth and development. Metabolic inactivation of bioactive IAA is known to participate in the modulation of IAA maxima and minima. IAA can be irreversibly inactivated by oxidation and conjugation to aspartate and glutamate. Usually overlooked because of its reversible nature, the most abundant inactive IAA form is the IAA-glucose (IAA-glc) conjugate. Glycosylation of IAA in Arabidopsis thaliana is reported to be carried out by UDP-glycosyltransferase 84B1 (UGT84B1), while UGT74D1 has been implicated in the glycosylation of the irreversibly formed IAA catabolite oxIAA. Here we demonstrated that both UGT84B1 and UGT74D1 modulate IAA levels throughout plant development by dual IAA and oxIAA glycosylation. Moreover, we identified a novel UGT subfamily whose members redundantly mediate the glycosylation of oxIAA and modulate skotomorphogenic growth.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The New Phytologist},
	author = {Mateo-Bonmatí, Eduardo and Casanova-Sáez, Rubén and Šimura, Jan and Ljung, Karin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34289137},
	keywords = {Arabidopsis, IAA-glucose, UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT), auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), oxIAA-glucose},
}

The levels of the important plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are tightly controlled within plant tissues to spatiotemporally orchestrate concentration gradients that drive plant growth and development. Metabolic inactivation of bioactive IAA is known to participate in the modulation of IAA maxima and minima. IAA can be irreversibly inactivated by oxidation and conjugation to aspartate and glutamate. Usually overlooked because of its reversible nature, the most abundant inactive IAA form is the IAA-glucose (IAA-glc) conjugate. Glycosylation of IAA in Arabidopsis thaliana is reported to be carried out by UDP-glycosyltransferase 84B1 (UGT84B1), while UGT74D1 has been implicated in the glycosylation of the irreversibly formed IAA catabolite oxIAA. Here we demonstrated that both UGT84B1 and UGT74D1 modulate IAA levels throughout plant development by dual IAA and oxIAA glycosylation. Moreover, we identified a novel UGT subfamily whose members redundantly mediate the glycosylation of oxIAA and modulate skotomorphogenic growth.

@article{jia_chromosome-scale_2021,
	title = {Chromosome-scale assembly and evolution of the tetraploid {Salvia} splendens ({Lamiaceae}) genome},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2052-7276},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41438-021-00614-y},
	doi = {10/gmskmf},
	abstract = {Polyploidization plays a key role in plant evolution, but the forces driving the fate of homoeologs in polyploid genomes, i.e., paralogs resulting from a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event, remain to be elucidated. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of tetraploid scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), one of the most diverse ornamental plants. We found evidence for three WGD events following an older WGD event shared by most eudicots (the γ event). A comprehensive, spatiotemporal, genome-wide analysis of homoeologs from the most recent WGD unveiled expression asymmetries, which could be associated with genomic rearrangements, transposable element proximity discrepancies, coding sequence variation, selection pressure, and transcription factor binding site differences. The observed differences between homoeologs may reflect the first step toward sub- and/or neofunctionalization. This assembly provides a powerful tool for understanding WGD and gene and genome evolution and is useful in developing functional genomics and genetic engineering strategies for scarlet sage and other Lamiaceae species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Horticulture Research},
	author = {Jia, Kai-Hua and Liu, Hui and Zhang, Ren-Gang and Xu, Jie and Zhou, Shan-Shan and Jiao, Si-Qian and Yan, Xue-Mei and Tian, Xue-Chan and Shi, Tian-Le and Luo, Hang and Li, Zhi-Chao and Bao, Yu-Tao and Nie, Shuai and Guo, Jing-Fang and Porth, Ilga and El-Kassaby, Yousry A. and Wang, Xiao-Ru and Chen, Charles and Van de Peer, Yves and Zhao, Wei and Mao, Jian-Feng},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1--15},
}

Polyploidization plays a key role in plant evolution, but the forces driving the fate of homoeologs in polyploid genomes, i.e., paralogs resulting from a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event, remain to be elucidated. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of tetraploid scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), one of the most diverse ornamental plants. We found evidence for three WGD events following an older WGD event shared by most eudicots (the γ event). A comprehensive, spatiotemporal, genome-wide analysis of homoeologs from the most recent WGD unveiled expression asymmetries, which could be associated with genomic rearrangements, transposable element proximity discrepancies, coding sequence variation, selection pressure, and transcription factor binding site differences. The observed differences between homoeologs may reflect the first step toward sub- and/or neofunctionalization. This assembly provides a powerful tool for understanding WGD and gene and genome evolution and is useful in developing functional genomics and genetic engineering strategies for scarlet sage and other Lamiaceae species.

@article{seyfferth_populuspterf85_2021,
	title = {{PopulusPtERF85} {Balances} {Xylem} {Cell} {Expansion} and {Secondary} {Cell} {Wall} {Formation} in {Hybrid} {Aspen}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/8/1971},
	doi = {10/gmtzbv},
	abstract = {Secondary growth relies on precise and specialized transcriptional networks that determine cell division, differentiation, and maturation of xylem cells. We identified a novel role for the ethylene-induced Populus Ethylene Response Factor PtERF85 (Potri.015G023200) in balancing xylem cell expansion and secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides). Expression of PtERF85 is high in phloem and cambium cells and during the expansion of xylem cells, while it is low in maturing xylem tissue. Extending PtERF85 expression into SCW forming zones of woody tissues through ectopic expression reduced wood density and SCW thickness of xylem fibers but increased fiber diameter. Xylem transcriptomes from the transgenic trees revealed transcriptional induction of genes involved in cell expansion, translation, and growth. The expression of genes associated with plant vascular development and the biosynthesis of SCW chemical components such as xylan and lignin, was down-regulated in the transgenic trees. Our results suggest that PtERF85 activates genes related to xylem cell expansion, while preventing transcriptional activation of genes related to SCW formation. The importance of precise spatial expression of PtERF85 during wood development together with the observed phenotypes in response to ectopic PtERF85 expression suggests that PtERF85 contributes to the transition of fiber cells from elongation to secondary cell wall deposition.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Cells},
	author = {Seyfferth, Carolin and Wessels, Bernard A. and Vahala, Jorma and Kangasjärvi, Jaakko and Delhomme, Nicolas and Hvidsten, Torgeir R. and Tuominen, Hannele and Lundberg-Felten, Judith},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {ERF85 (CRF4), cell wall thickness, lignin, ribosome biogenesis, wood development, xylem expansion},
	pages = {1971},
}

Secondary growth relies on precise and specialized transcriptional networks that determine cell division, differentiation, and maturation of xylem cells. We identified a novel role for the ethylene-induced Populus Ethylene Response Factor PtERF85 (Potri.015G023200) in balancing xylem cell expansion and secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides). Expression of PtERF85 is high in phloem and cambium cells and during the expansion of xylem cells, while it is low in maturing xylem tissue. Extending PtERF85 expression into SCW forming zones of woody tissues through ectopic expression reduced wood density and SCW thickness of xylem fibers but increased fiber diameter. Xylem transcriptomes from the transgenic trees revealed transcriptional induction of genes involved in cell expansion, translation, and growth. The expression of genes associated with plant vascular development and the biosynthesis of SCW chemical components such as xylan and lignin, was down-regulated in the transgenic trees. Our results suggest that PtERF85 activates genes related to xylem cell expansion, while preventing transcriptional activation of genes related to SCW formation. The importance of precise spatial expression of PtERF85 during wood development together with the observed phenotypes in response to ectopic PtERF85 expression suggests that PtERF85 contributes to the transition of fiber cells from elongation to secondary cell wall deposition.

@article{raizada_recursive_2021,
	title = {Recursive partitioning to prioritize morphometric traits that separate {Aspen} specialist {Chaitophorus} aphid by species and stage},
	issn = {1742-7592},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00620-6},
	doi = {10/gmtzbt},
	abstract = {Arthropod herbivore assemblages are used to gain insight into questions about evolution, ecology, diversity, and conservation. However, determination at the species level of small arthropods may be challenging risking underestimating diversity. Here we suggest morphometric analyses as a supplementary determination method, and we demonstrate its use for a study of Chaitophorus species collected from Aspen trees (Populus tremula). Although sampled as one colony, the aphids represented three species. Rearing the species separately allowed us to get estimates characteristic of the developmental stages from each of the three species for morphometric comparisons. Recursive partitioning (RP) was used to create a decision tree for choice of morphometric parameters that with significance (p {\textless} 0.05) could determine the aphids by species and developmental stage; this insight could then be used as a key for determination. Eight of fifteen morphometric traits were selected by RP to be used in the key. Body length was responsible for nine splits and was consequently the more consistent morphometric trait used in the key.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-09},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	author = {Raizada, Richa and Gaur, Rajarshi Kumar and Albrectsen, Benedicte R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
}

Arthropod herbivore assemblages are used to gain insight into questions about evolution, ecology, diversity, and conservation. However, determination at the species level of small arthropods may be challenging risking underestimating diversity. Here we suggest morphometric analyses as a supplementary determination method, and we demonstrate its use for a study of Chaitophorus species collected from Aspen trees (Populus tremula). Although sampled as one colony, the aphids represented three species. Rearing the species separately allowed us to get estimates characteristic of the developmental stages from each of the three species for morphometric comparisons. Recursive partitioning (RP) was used to create a decision tree for choice of morphometric parameters that with significance (p \textless 0.05) could determine the aphids by species and developmental stage; this insight could then be used as a key for determination. Eight of fifteen morphometric traits were selected by RP to be used in the key. Body length was responsible for nine splits and was consequently the more consistent morphometric trait used in the key.

@article{pervaiz_transcriptional_2021,
	title = {The {Transcriptional} {Landscape} and {Hub} {Genes} {Associated} with {Physiological} {Responses} to {Drought} {Stress} in {Pinus} tabuliformis},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9604},
	doi = {10/gmtzbr},
	abstract = {Drought stress has an extensive impact on regulating various physiological, metabolic, and molecular responses. In the present study, the Pinus tabuliformis transcriptome was studied to evaluate the drought-responsive genes using RNA- Sequencing approache. The results depicted that photosynthetic rate and H2O conductance started to decline under drought but recovered 24 h after re-watering; however, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased with the onset of drought. We identified 84 drought-responsive transcription factors, 62 protein kinases, 17 transcriptional regulators, and 10 network hub genes. Additionally, we observed the expression patterns of several important gene families, including 2192 genes positively expressed in all 48 samples, and 40 genes were commonly co-expressed in all drought and recovery stages compared with the control samples. The drought-responsive transcriptome was conserved mainly between P. tabuliformis and A. thaliana, as 70\% (6163) genes had a homologous in arabidopsis, out of which 52\% homologous (3178 genes corresponding to 2086 genes in Arabidopsis) were also drought response genes in arabidopsis. The collaborative network exhibited 10 core hub genes integrating with ABA-dependent and independent pathways closely conserved with the ABA signaling pathway in the transcription factors module. PtNCED3 from the ABA family genes had shown significantly different expression patterns under control, mild, prolonged drought, and recovery stages. We found the expression pattern was considerably increased with the prolonged drought condition. PtNCED3 highly expressed in all drought-tested samples; more interestingly, expression pattern was higher under mild and prolonged drought. PtNCED3 is reported as one of the important regulating enzymes in ABA synthesis. The continuous accumulation of ABA in leaves increased resistance against drought was due to accumulation of PtNCED3 under drought stress in the pine needles.},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2021-09-16},
	journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
	author = {Pervaiz, Tariq and Liu, Shuang-Wei and Uddin, Saleem and Amjid, Muhammad Waqas and Niu, Shi-Hui and Wu, Harry X.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {\textit{Pinus tabuliformis}, \textit{PtNCED3}, ABA signaling, RNA-Seq, drought stress, drought-recovery},
	pages = {9604},
}

Drought stress has an extensive impact on regulating various physiological, metabolic, and molecular responses. In the present study, the Pinus tabuliformis transcriptome was studied to evaluate the drought-responsive genes using RNA- Sequencing approache. The results depicted that photosynthetic rate and H2O conductance started to decline under drought but recovered 24 h after re-watering; however, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased with the onset of drought. We identified 84 drought-responsive transcription factors, 62 protein kinases, 17 transcriptional regulators, and 10 network hub genes. Additionally, we observed the expression patterns of several important gene families, including 2192 genes positively expressed in all 48 samples, and 40 genes were commonly co-expressed in all drought and recovery stages compared with the control samples. The drought-responsive transcriptome was conserved mainly between P. tabuliformis and A. thaliana, as 70% (6163) genes had a homologous in arabidopsis, out of which 52% homologous (3178 genes corresponding to 2086 genes in Arabidopsis) were also drought response genes in arabidopsis. The collaborative network exhibited 10 core hub genes integrating with ABA-dependent and independent pathways closely conserved with the ABA signaling pathway in the transcription factors module. PtNCED3 from the ABA family genes had shown significantly different expression patterns under control, mild, prolonged drought, and recovery stages. We found the expression pattern was considerably increased with the prolonged drought condition. PtNCED3 highly expressed in all drought-tested samples; more interestingly, expression pattern was higher under mild and prolonged drought. PtNCED3 is reported as one of the important regulating enzymes in ABA synthesis. The continuous accumulation of ABA in leaves increased resistance against drought was due to accumulation of PtNCED3 under drought stress in the pine needles.

@article{bai_modulation_2021,
	title = {Modulation of {Arabidopsis} root growth by specialized triterpenes},
	volume = {230},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.17144},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.17144},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Bai, Yuechen and Fernández‐Calvo, Patricia and Ritter, Andrés and Huang, Ancheng C. and Morales‐Herrera, Stefania and Bicalho, Keylla U. and Karady, Michal and Pauwels, Laurens and Buyst, Dieter and Njo, Maria and Ljung, Karen and Martins, José C. and Vanneste, Steffen and Beeckman, Tom and Osbourn, Anne and Goossens, Alain and Pollier, Jacob},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {228--243},
}

@article{calleja-rodriguez_genomic_2021,
	title = {Genomic {Predictions} {With} {Nonadditive} {Effects} {Improved} {Estimates} of {Additive} {Effects} and {Predictions} of {Total} {Genetic} {Values} in {Pinus} sylvestris},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-462X},
	doi = {10/gmhq7h},
	abstract = {Genomic selection study (GS) focusing on nonadditive genetic effects of dominance and the first order of epistatic effects, in a full-sib family population of 695 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees, was undertaken for growth and wood quality traits, using 6,344 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Genomic marker-based relationship matrices offer more effective modeling of nonadditive genetic effects than pedigree-based models, thus increasing the knowledge on the relevance of dominance and epistatic variation in forest tree breeding. Genomic marker-based models were compared with pedigree-based models showing a considerable dominance and epistatic variation for growth traits. Nonadditive genetic variation of epistatic nature (additive × additive) was detected for growth traits, wood density (DEN), and modulus of elasticity (MOEd) representing between 2.27 and 34.5\% of the total phenotypic variance. Including dominance variance in pedigree-based Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (PBLUP) and epistatic variance in genomic-based Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) resulted in decreased narrow-sense heritability and increased broad-sense heritability for growth traits, DEN and MOEd. Higher genetic gains were reached with early GS based on total genetic values, than with conventional pedigree selection for a selection intensity of 1\%. This study indicates that nonadditive genetic variance may have a significant role in the variation of selection traits of Scots pine, thus clonal deployment could be an attractive alternative for the species. Additionally, confidence in the role of nonadditive genetic effects in this breeding program should be pursued in the future, using GS.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
	author = {Calleja-Rodriguez, Ainhoa and Chen, ZhiQiang and Suontama, Mari and Pan, Jin and Wu, Harry X.},
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34305966},
	pmcid = {PMC8294091},
	keywords = {dominance, epistasis, genetic gain, genomic prediction, nonadditive effects, response to selection, scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L)},
	pages = {666820},
}

Genomic selection study (GS) focusing on nonadditive genetic effects of dominance and the first order of epistatic effects, in a full-sib family population of 695 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees, was undertaken for growth and wood quality traits, using 6,344 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Genomic marker-based relationship matrices offer more effective modeling of nonadditive genetic effects than pedigree-based models, thus increasing the knowledge on the relevance of dominance and epistatic variation in forest tree breeding. Genomic marker-based models were compared with pedigree-based models showing a considerable dominance and epistatic variation for growth traits. Nonadditive genetic variation of epistatic nature (additive × additive) was detected for growth traits, wood density (DEN), and modulus of elasticity (MOEd) representing between 2.27 and 34.5% of the total phenotypic variance. Including dominance variance in pedigree-based Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (PBLUP) and epistatic variance in genomic-based Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) resulted in decreased narrow-sense heritability and increased broad-sense heritability for growth traits, DEN and MOEd. Higher genetic gains were reached with early GS based on total genetic values, than with conventional pedigree selection for a selection intensity of 1%. This study indicates that nonadditive genetic variance may have a significant role in the variation of selection traits of Scots pine, thus clonal deployment could be an attractive alternative for the species. Additionally, confidence in the role of nonadditive genetic effects in this breeding program should be pursued in the future, using GS.

@article{rendon-anaya_adaptive_2021,
	title = {Adaptive introgression facilitate adaptation to high latitudes in {European} aspen ({Populus} tremula {L}.)},
	issn = {1537-1719},
	doi = {10/gmhq7f},
	abstract = {Understanding local adaptation has become a key research area given the ongoing climate challenge and the concomitant requirement to conserve genetic resources. Perennial plants, such as forest trees, are good models to study local adaptation given their wide geographic distribution, largely outcrossing mating systems and demographic histories. We evaluated signatures of local adaptation in European aspen (Populus tremula) across Europe by means of whole genome re-sequencing of a collection of 411 individual trees. We dissected admixture patterns between aspen lineages and observed a strong genomic mosaicism in Scandinavian trees, evidencing different colonization trajectories into the peninsula from Russia, Central and Western Europe. As a consequence of the secondary contacts between populations after the last glacial maximum (LGM), we detected an adaptive introgression event in a genome region of ∼500kb in chromosome 10, harboring a large-effect locus that has previously been shown to contribute to adaptation to the short growing seasons characteristic of northern Scandinavia. Demographic simulations and ancestry inference suggest an Eastern origin - probably Russian - of the adaptive Nordic allele which nowadays is present in a homozygous state at the north of Scandinavia. The strength of introgression and positive selection signatures in this region is a unique feature in the genome. Furthermore, we detected signals of balancing selection, shared across regional populations, that highlight the importance of standing variation as a primary source of alleles that facilitate local adaptation. Our results therefore emphasize the importance of migration-selection balance underlying the genetic architecture of key adaptive quantitative traits.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	author = {Rendón-Anaya, Martha and Wilson, Jonathan and Sveinsson, Sæmundur and Fedorkov, Aleksey and Cottrell, Joan and Bailey, Mark E. S. and Ruņģis, Dainis and Lexer, Christian and Jansson, Stefan and Robinson, Kathryn M. and Street, Nathaniel R. and Ingvarsson, Pär K.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34329481},
	pages = {msab229},
}

Understanding local adaptation has become a key research area given the ongoing climate challenge and the concomitant requirement to conserve genetic resources. Perennial plants, such as forest trees, are good models to study local adaptation given their wide geographic distribution, largely outcrossing mating systems and demographic histories. We evaluated signatures of local adaptation in European aspen (Populus tremula) across Europe by means of whole genome re-sequencing of a collection of 411 individual trees. We dissected admixture patterns between aspen lineages and observed a strong genomic mosaicism in Scandinavian trees, evidencing different colonization trajectories into the peninsula from Russia, Central and Western Europe. As a consequence of the secondary contacts between populations after the last glacial maximum (LGM), we detected an adaptive introgression event in a genome region of ∼500kb in chromosome 10, harboring a large-effect locus that has previously been shown to contribute to adaptation to the short growing seasons characteristic of northern Scandinavia. Demographic simulations and ancestry inference suggest an Eastern origin - probably Russian - of the adaptive Nordic allele which nowadays is present in a homozygous state at the north of Scandinavia. The strength of introgression and positive selection signatures in this region is a unique feature in the genome. Furthermore, we detected signals of balancing selection, shared across regional populations, that highlight the importance of standing variation as a primary source of alleles that facilitate local adaptation. Our results therefore emphasize the importance of migration-selection balance underlying the genetic architecture of key adaptive quantitative traits.

@article{mishra_plastid-localized_2021,
	title = {The {Plastid}-{Localized} {AtFtsHi3} {Pseudo}-{Protease} of {Arabidopsis} thaliana {Has} an {Impact} on {Plant} {Growth} and {Drought} {Tolerance}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-462X},
	doi = {10/gk3wn7},
	abstract = {While drought severely affects plant growth and crop production, the molecular mechanisms of the drought response of plants remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the effect of the pseudo-protease AtFtsHi3 of Arabidopsis thaliana on overall plant growth and in drought tolerance. An AtFTSHi3 knock-down mutant [ftshi3-1(kd)] displayed a pale-green phenotype with lower photosynthetic efficiency and Darwinian fitness compared to wild type (Wt). An observed delay in seed germination of ftshi3-1(kd) was attributed to overaccumulation of abscisic acid (ABA); ftshi3-1(kd) seedlings showed partial sensitivity to exogenous ABA. Being exposed to similar severity of soil drying, ftshi3-1(kd) was drought-tolerant up to 20 days after the last irrigation, while wild type plants wilted after 12 days. Leaves of ftshi3-1(kd) contained reduced stomata size, density, and a smaller stomatic aperture. During drought stress, ftshi3-1(kd) showed lowered stomatal conductance, increased intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), and slower stress acclimation. Expression levels of ABA-responsive genes were higher in leaves of ftshi3-1(kd) than Wt; DREB1A, but not DREB2A, was significantly upregulated during drought. However, although ftshi3-1(kd) displayed a drought-tolerant phenotype in aboveground tissue, the root-associated bacterial community responded to drought.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
	author = {Mishra, Laxmi S. and Mishra, Sanatkumar and Caddell, Daniel F. and Coleman-Derr, Devin and Funk, Christiane},
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34249066},
	pmcid = {PMC8261292},
	keywords = {Arabidopis thaliana, abscisic acid, chloroplast, drought, filamentation temperature-sensitive H protease, root microbiome},
	pages = {694727},
}

While drought severely affects plant growth and crop production, the molecular mechanisms of the drought response of plants remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the effect of the pseudo-protease AtFtsHi3 of Arabidopsis thaliana on overall plant growth and in drought tolerance. An AtFTSHi3 knock-down mutant [ftshi3-1(kd)] displayed a pale-green phenotype with lower photosynthetic efficiency and Darwinian fitness compared to wild type (Wt). An observed delay in seed germination of ftshi3-1(kd) was attributed to overaccumulation of abscisic acid (ABA); ftshi3-1(kd) seedlings showed partial sensitivity to exogenous ABA. Being exposed to similar severity of soil drying, ftshi3-1(kd) was drought-tolerant up to 20 days after the last irrigation, while wild type plants wilted after 12 days. Leaves of ftshi3-1(kd) contained reduced stomata size, density, and a smaller stomatic aperture. During drought stress, ftshi3-1(kd) showed lowered stomatal conductance, increased intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), and slower stress acclimation. Expression levels of ABA-responsive genes were higher in leaves of ftshi3-1(kd) than Wt; DREB1A, but not DREB2A, was significantly upregulated during drought. However, although ftshi3-1(kd) displayed a drought-tolerant phenotype in aboveground tissue, the root-associated bacterial community responded to drought.

@article{xu_uv-b-induced_2021,
	title = {{UV}-{B}-induced molecular mechanisms of stress physiology responses in the major northern {Chinese} conifer {Pinus} tabuliformis {Carr}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	doi = {10/gmhq7g},
	abstract = {During their lifetimes, plants are exposed to different abiotic stress factors eliciting various physiological responses and triggering important defense processes. For UV-B radiation responses in forest trees, the genetics and molecular regulation remain to be elucidated. Here, we exposed Pinus tabuliformis Carr., a major conifer from northern China, to short-term high-intensity UV-B and employed a systems biology approach to characterize the early physiological processes and the hierarchical gene regulation, which revealed a temporal transition from primary to secondary metabolism, the buildup of enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress-signaling activation. Our findings showed that photosynthesis and biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments were inhibited, while flavonoids and their related derivates biosynthesis, as well as glutathione and glutathione S-transferase mediated antioxidant processes, were enhanced. Likewise, stress-related phytohormones (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene), kinase and reactive oxygen species signal transduction pathways were activated. Biological processes regulated by auxin and karrikin were, for the first time, found to be involved in plant defense against UV-B by promoting the biosynthesis of flavonoids and the improvement of antioxidant capacity in our research system. Our work evaluated the physiological and transcriptome perturbations in a conifer's response to UV-B, and generally, highlighted the necessity of a systems biology approach in addressing plant stress biology.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Xu, Jie and Nie, Shuai and Xu, Chao-Qun and Liu, Hui and Jia, Kai-Hua and Zhou, Shan-Shan and Zhao, Wei and Zhou, Xian-Qing and El-Kassaby, Yousry A. and Wang, Xiao-Ru and Porth, Ilga and Mao, Jian-Feng},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {33416074},
	keywords = {China, Chinese red pine, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Pinus, RNA-seq, Stress, Physiological, Tracheophyta, Ultraviolet Rays, high energy UV-B, physiological reprogramming, time-ordered gene regulatory network},
	pages = {1247--1263},
}

During their lifetimes, plants are exposed to different abiotic stress factors eliciting various physiological responses and triggering important defense processes. For UV-B radiation responses in forest trees, the genetics and molecular regulation remain to be elucidated. Here, we exposed Pinus tabuliformis Carr., a major conifer from northern China, to short-term high-intensity UV-B and employed a systems biology approach to characterize the early physiological processes and the hierarchical gene regulation, which revealed a temporal transition from primary to secondary metabolism, the buildup of enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress-signaling activation. Our findings showed that photosynthesis and biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments were inhibited, while flavonoids and their related derivates biosynthesis, as well as glutathione and glutathione S-transferase mediated antioxidant processes, were enhanced. Likewise, stress-related phytohormones (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene), kinase and reactive oxygen species signal transduction pathways were activated. Biological processes regulated by auxin and karrikin were, for the first time, found to be involved in plant defense against UV-B by promoting the biosynthesis of flavonoids and the improvement of antioxidant capacity in our research system. Our work evaluated the physiological and transcriptome perturbations in a conifer's response to UV-B, and generally, highlighted the necessity of a systems biology approach in addressing plant stress biology.

@article{dob_jasmonate_2021,
	title = {Jasmonate inhibits adventitious root initiation through repression of {CKX1} and activation of {RAP2}.{6L} transcription factor in {Arabidopsis}},
	issn = {0022-0957},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab358},
	doi = {10/gmhq7c},
	abstract = {Adventitious rooting is a de novo organogenesis process that enables plants to propagate clonally and cope with environmental stresses. Adventitious root initiation (ARI) is controlled by interconnected transcriptional and hormonal networks, but there is little knowledge of the genetic and molecular programs orchestrating these networks. Thus, we have applied genome-wide transcriptome profiling to elucidate the profound transcriptional reprogramming events preceding ARI. These reprogramming events are associated with the downregulation of cytokinin (CK) signaling and response genes, which could be triggers for ARI. Interestingly, we found that CK free-base (iP, tZ, cZ and DHZ) content declined during ARI, due to downregulation of de novo CK biosynthesis and upregulation of CK inactivation pathways. We also found that MYC2-dependent jasmonate (JA) signaling inhibits ARI by downregulating the expression of the CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE1 (CKX1) gene. We also demonstrated that JA and CK synergistically activate expression of RELATED to APETALA2.6 LIKE (RAP2.6L) transcription factor, and constitutive expression of this transcription factor strongly inhibits ARI. Collectively, our findings reveal that previously unknown genetic interactions between JA and CK play key roles in ARI},
	number = {erab358},
	urldate = {2021-08-18},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	author = {Dob, Asma and Lakehal, Abdellah and Novak, Ondrej and Bellini, Catherine},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
}

Adventitious rooting is a de novo organogenesis process that enables plants to propagate clonally and cope with environmental stresses. Adventitious root initiation (ARI) is controlled by interconnected transcriptional and hormonal networks, but there is little knowledge of the genetic and molecular programs orchestrating these networks. Thus, we have applied genome-wide transcriptome profiling to elucidate the profound transcriptional reprogramming events preceding ARI. These reprogramming events are associated with the downregulation of cytokinin (CK) signaling and response genes, which could be triggers for ARI. Interestingly, we found that CK free-base (iP, tZ, cZ and DHZ) content declined during ARI, due to downregulation of de novo CK biosynthesis and upregulation of CK inactivation pathways. We also found that MYC2-dependent jasmonate (JA) signaling inhibits ARI by downregulating the expression of the CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE1 (CKX1) gene. We also demonstrated that JA and CK synergistically activate expression of RELATED to APETALA2.6 LIKE (RAP2.6L) transcription factor, and constitutive expression of this transcription factor strongly inhibits ARI. Collectively, our findings reveal that previously unknown genetic interactions between JA and CK play key roles in ARI

@article{haggstrom_survival_2021,
	title = {Survival and growth of {Scots} pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) seedlings in north {Sweden}: effects of planting position and arginine phosphate addition},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0282-7581},
	shorttitle = {Survival and growth of {Scots} pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) seedlings in north {Sweden}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2021.1957999},
	doi = {10/gmhq68},
	abstract = {Forest regeneration by tree planting on harvested sites in the boreal forests of northern Europe is frequently preceded by site preparation to increase survival and growth of the seedlings. We studied whether a small addition of arginine phosphate (AP treatment) at the time of planting would further enhance the seedlings’ early performance. Following two growth seasons, we investigated survival and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings on 11 locations between latitudes 61.1°N and 67.1°N in the boreal forest of northern Sweden. The planting positions of seedlings were on capped mounds and bare mineral soil following mechanical site preparation, and in non-prepared soil. We found that seedling survival following site preparation increased with AP treatment. On capped mounds, seedling survival was more variable and appeared more dependent on precipitation during the first month after planting than seedlings positioned in the mineral soil. The positive effect of AP treatment on seedling growth differed between sites and was more pronounced on sites with longer growing seasons. AP treatment had no significant effect on survival of seedlings planted in non-prepared soil, while the positive effect on growth was more pronounced at sites with higher fertility using this planting position.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2021-08-18},
	journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Häggström, Bodil and Domevscik, Matej and Öhlund, Jonas and Nordin, Annika},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2021.1957999},
	keywords = {Pinus sylvestris, arginine phosphate, conifer plantations, cultivation, damage, establishment, fertilization, forest regeneration, norway spruce, organic nitrogen, performance, picea-abies, planting positions, seedling   growth, seedling growth, seedling survival, site preparation},
	pages = {1--11},
}

Forest regeneration by tree planting on harvested sites in the boreal forests of northern Europe is frequently preceded by site preparation to increase survival and growth of the seedlings. We studied whether a small addition of arginine phosphate (AP treatment) at the time of planting would further enhance the seedlings’ early performance. Following two growth seasons, we investigated survival and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings on 11 locations between latitudes 61.1°N and 67.1°N in the boreal forest of northern Sweden. The planting positions of seedlings were on capped mounds and bare mineral soil following mechanical site preparation, and in non-prepared soil. We found that seedling survival following site preparation increased with AP treatment. On capped mounds, seedling survival was more variable and appeared more dependent on precipitation during the first month after planting than seedlings positioned in the mineral soil. The positive effect of AP treatment on seedling growth differed between sites and was more pronounced on sites with longer growing seasons. AP treatment had no significant effect on survival of seedlings planted in non-prepared soil, while the positive effect on growth was more pronounced at sites with higher fertility using this planting position.

@article{cheng_haplotype-resolved_2021,
	title = {Haplotype-resolved genome assembly and allele-specific gene expression in cultivated ginger},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2662-6810},
	doi = {10/gmhq7d},
	abstract = {Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most valued spice plants worldwide; it is prized for its culinary and folk medicinal applications and is therefore of high economic and cultural importance. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved, chromosome-scale assembly for diploid ginger anchored to 11 pseudochromosome pairs with a total length of 3.1 Gb. Remarkable structural variation was identified between haplotypes, and two inversions larger than 15 Mb on chromosome 4 may be associated with ginger infertility. We performed a comprehensive, spatiotemporal, genome-wide analysis of allelic expression patterns, revealing that most alleles are coordinately expressed. The alleles that exhibited the largest differences in expression showed closer proximity to transposable elements, greater coding sequence divergence, more relaxed selection pressure, and more transcription factor binding site differences. We also predicted the transcription factors potentially regulating 6-gingerol biosynthesis. Our allele-aware assembly provides a powerful platform for future functional genomics, molecular breeding, and genome editing in ginger.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Horticulture Research},
	author = {Cheng, Shi-Ping and Jia, Kai-Hua and Liu, Hui and Zhang, Ren-Gang and Li, Zhi-Chao and Zhou, Shan-Shan and Shi, Tian-Le and Ma, Ai-Chu and Yu, Cong-Wen and Gao, Chan and Cao, Guang-Lei and Zhao, Wei and Nie, Shuai and Guo, Jing-Fang and Jiao, Si-Qian and Tian, Xue-Chan and Yan, Xue-Mei and Bao, Yu-Tao and Yun, Quan-Zheng and Wang, Xin-Zhu and Porth, Ilga and El-Kassaby, Yousry A. and Wang, Xiao-Ru and Li, Zhen and Van de Peer, Yves and Mao, Jian-Feng},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34354050},
	pages = {188},
}

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most valued spice plants worldwide; it is prized for its culinary and folk medicinal applications and is therefore of high economic and cultural importance. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved, chromosome-scale assembly for diploid ginger anchored to 11 pseudochromosome pairs with a total length of 3.1 Gb. Remarkable structural variation was identified between haplotypes, and two inversions larger than 15 Mb on chromosome 4 may be associated with ginger infertility. We performed a comprehensive, spatiotemporal, genome-wide analysis of allelic expression patterns, revealing that most alleles are coordinately expressed. The alleles that exhibited the largest differences in expression showed closer proximity to transposable elements, greater coding sequence divergence, more relaxed selection pressure, and more transcription factor binding site differences. We also predicted the transcription factors potentially regulating 6-gingerol biosynthesis. Our allele-aware assembly provides a powerful platform for future functional genomics, molecular breeding, and genome editing in ginger.

@article{liu_solving_2021,
	title = {Solving the {Puzzle} of {Shape} {Regulation} in {Plant} {Epidermal} {Pavement} {Cells}},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {1543-5008},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920},
	doi = {10/gkzfvc},
	abstract = {The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-21},
	journal = {Annual Review of Plant Biology},
	author = {Liu, Sijia and Jobert, François and Rahneshan, Zahra and Doyle, Siamsa M. and Robert, Stéphanie},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {525--550},
}

The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.

@article{otvos_pickle_2021,
	title = {Pickle {Recruits} {Retinoblastoma} {Related} 1 to {Control} {Lateral} {Root} {Formation} in {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/3862},
	doi = {10.3390/ijms22083862},
	abstract = {Lateral root (LR) formation is an example of a plant post-embryonic organogenesis event. LRs are issued from non-dividing cells entering consecutive steps of formative divisions, proliferation and elongation. The chromatin remodeling protein PICKLE (PKL) negatively regulates auxin-mediated LR formation through a mechanism that is not yet known. Here we show that PKL interacts with RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED 1 (RBR1) to repress the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 (LBD16) promoter activity. Since LBD16 function is required for the formative division of LR founder cells, repression mediated by the PKL–RBR1 complex negatively regulates formative division and LR formation. Inhibition of LR formation by PKL–RBR1 is counteracted by auxin, indicating that, in addition to auxin-mediated transcriptional responses, the fine-tuned process of LR formation is also controlled at the chromatin level in an auxin-signaling dependent manner.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-07-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
	author = {Ötvös, Krisztina and Miskolczi, Pál and Marhavý, Peter and Cruz-Ramírez, Alfredo and Benková, Eva and Robert, Stéphanie and Bakó, László},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 8
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {\textit{de novo} organogenesis, auxin signaling, chromatin remodeling},
	pages = {3862},
}

Lateral root (LR) formation is an example of a plant post-embryonic organogenesis event. LRs are issued from non-dividing cells entering consecutive steps of formative divisions, proliferation and elongation. The chromatin remodeling protein PICKLE (PKL) negatively regulates auxin-mediated LR formation through a mechanism that is not yet known. Here we show that PKL interacts with RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED 1 (RBR1) to repress the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 (LBD16) promoter activity. Since LBD16 function is required for the formative division of LR founder cells, repression mediated by the PKL–RBR1 complex negatively regulates formative division and LR formation. Inhibition of LR formation by PKL–RBR1 is counteracted by auxin, indicating that, in addition to auxin-mediated transcriptional responses, the fine-tuned process of LR formation is also controlled at the chromatin level in an auxin-signaling dependent manner.

@article{przybylatoscano_gene_2021,
	title = {Gene atlas of iron‐containing proteins in {Arabidopsis} thaliana},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0960-7412, 1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tpj.15154},
	doi = {10/gkcr7c},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Przybyla‐Toscano, Jonathan and Boussardon, Clément and Law, Simon R. and Rouhier, Nicolas and Keech, Olivier},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {258--274},
}

@article{singh_growing_2021,
	title = {Growing in time: exploring the molecular mechanisms of tree growth},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	shorttitle = {Growing in time},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article/41/4/657/5848548},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpaa065},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Trees cover vast areas of the Earth’s landmasses. They mitigate erosion, capture carbon dioxide, produce oxygen and support biodiversity, and also are a source of food, raw materials and energy for human populations. Understanding the growth cycles of trees is fundamental for many areas of research. Trees, like most other organisms, have evolved a circadian clock to synchronize their growth and development with the daily and seasonal cycles of the environment. These regular changes in light, daylength and temperature are perceived via a range of dedicated receptors and cause resetting of the circadian clock to local time. This allows anticipation of daily and seasonal fluctuations and enables trees to co-ordinate their metabolism and physiology to ensure vital processes occur at the optimal times. In this review, we explore the current state of knowledge concerning the regulation of growth and seasonal dormancy in trees, using information drawn from model systems such as Populus spp.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Singh, Rajesh Kumar and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P. and Eriksson, Maria E.},
	editor = {Polle, Andrea},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {657--678},
}

Abstract Trees cover vast areas of the Earth’s landmasses. They mitigate erosion, capture carbon dioxide, produce oxygen and support biodiversity, and also are a source of food, raw materials and energy for human populations. Understanding the growth cycles of trees is fundamental for many areas of research. Trees, like most other organisms, have evolved a circadian clock to synchronize their growth and development with the daily and seasonal cycles of the environment. These regular changes in light, daylength and temperature are perceived via a range of dedicated receptors and cause resetting of the circadian clock to local time. This allows anticipation of daily and seasonal fluctuations and enables trees to co-ordinate their metabolism and physiology to ensure vital processes occur at the optimal times. In this review, we explore the current state of knowledge concerning the regulation of growth and seasonal dormancy in trees, using information drawn from model systems such as Populus spp.

@article{bannoud_adventitious_2021,
	title = {Adventitious {Rooting} in {Populus} {Species}: {Update} and {Perspectives}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-462X},
	shorttitle = {Adventitious {Rooting} in {Populus} {Species}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.668837/full},
	doi = {10/gkhp7k},
	abstract = {Populus spp. are among the most economically important species worldwide. These trees are used not only for wood and fiber production, but also in the rehabilitation of degraded lands. Since they are clonally propagated, the ability of stem cuttings to form adventitious roots is a critical point for plant establishment and survival in the field, and consequently for the forest industry. Adventitious rooting in different Populus clones has been an agronomic trait targeted in breeding programs for many years, and many factors have been identified that affect this quantitative trait. A huge variation in the rooting capacity has been observed among the species in the Populus genus, and the responses to some of the factors affecting this trait have been shown to be genotype-dependent. This review analyses similarities and differences between results obtained from studies examining the role of internal and external factors affecting rooting of Populus species cuttings. Since rooting is the most important requirement for stand establishment in clonally propagated species, understanding the physiological and genetic mechanisms that promote this trait is essential for successful commercial deployment.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-06-17},
	journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
	author = {Bannoud, Florencia and Bellini, Catherine},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Adventitious rooting, Populus, Vegetative propagation, adventitious rooting, endogenous factors, environmental factors, vegetative propagation},
}

Populus spp. are among the most economically important species worldwide. These trees are used not only for wood and fiber production, but also in the rehabilitation of degraded lands. Since they are clonally propagated, the ability of stem cuttings to form adventitious roots is a critical point for plant establishment and survival in the field, and consequently for the forest industry. Adventitious rooting in different Populus clones has been an agronomic trait targeted in breeding programs for many years, and many factors have been identified that affect this quantitative trait. A huge variation in the rooting capacity has been observed among the species in the Populus genus, and the responses to some of the factors affecting this trait have been shown to be genotype-dependent. This review analyses similarities and differences between results obtained from studies examining the role of internal and external factors affecting rooting of Populus species cuttings. Since rooting is the most important requirement for stand establishment in clonally propagated species, understanding the physiological and genetic mechanisms that promote this trait is essential for successful commercial deployment.

@article{prior_arabidopsis_2021,
	title = {Arabidopsis {bZIP11} {Is} a {Susceptibility} {Factor} {During} {Pseudomonas} syringae {Infection}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0894-0282},
	url = {https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/MPMI-11-20-0310-R},
	doi = {10/gj6p4s},
	abstract = {The induction of plant nutrient secretion systems is critical for successful pathogen infection. Some bacterial pathogens (e.g., Xanthomonas spp.) use transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors to induce transcription of SWEET sucrose efflux transporters. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 lacks TAL effectors yet is able to induce multiple SWEETs in Arabidopsis thaliana by unknown mechanisms. Because bacteria require other nutrients in addition to sugars for efficient reproduction, we hypothesized that Pseudomonas spp. may depend on host transcription factors involved in secretory programs to increase access to essential nutrients. Bioinformatic analyses identified the Arabidopsis basic-leucine zipper transcription factor bZIP11 as a potential regulator of nutrient transporters, including SWEETs and UmamiT amino acid transporters. Inducible downregulation of bZIP11 expression in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced growth of P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000, whereas inducible overexpression of bZIP11 resulted in increased bacterial growth, supporting the hypothesis that bZIP11-regulated transcription programs are essential for maximal pathogen titer in leaves. Our data are consistent with a model in which a pathogen alters host transcription factor expression upstream of secretory transcription networks to promote nutrient efflux from host cells. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-06-21},
	journal = {Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®},
	author = {Prior, Matthew J. and Selvanayagam, Jebasingh and Kim, Jung-Gun and Tomar, Monika and Jonikas, Martin and Mudgett, Mary Beth and Smeekens, Sjef and Hanson, Johannes and Frommer, Wolf B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Scientific Societies},
	pages = {439--447},
}

The induction of plant nutrient secretion systems is critical for successful pathogen infection. Some bacterial pathogens (e.g., Xanthomonas spp.) use transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors to induce transcription of SWEET sucrose efflux transporters. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 lacks TAL effectors yet is able to induce multiple SWEETs in Arabidopsis thaliana by unknown mechanisms. Because bacteria require other nutrients in addition to sugars for efficient reproduction, we hypothesized that Pseudomonas spp. may depend on host transcription factors involved in secretory programs to increase access to essential nutrients. Bioinformatic analyses identified the Arabidopsis basic-leucine zipper transcription factor bZIP11 as a potential regulator of nutrient transporters, including SWEETs and UmamiT amino acid transporters. Inducible downregulation of bZIP11 expression in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced growth of P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000, whereas inducible overexpression of bZIP11 resulted in increased bacterial growth, supporting the hypothesis that bZIP11-regulated transcription programs are essential for maximal pathogen titer in leaves. Our data are consistent with a model in which a pathogen alters host transcription factor expression upstream of secretory transcription networks to promote nutrient efflux from host cells. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

@article{melo_metabolomic_2021,
	title = {A metabolomic study of {Gomphrena} agrestis in {Brazilian} {Cerrado} suggests drought-adaptive strategies on metabolism},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10/gkzft8},
	abstract = {Drought is the main factor that limits the distribution and productivity of plant species. In the Brazilian Cerrado, the vegetation is adapted to a seasonal climate with long- and short-term periods of drought. To analyze the metabolic strategies under such conditions, a metabolomic approach was used to characterize Gomphrena agrestis Mart. (Amaranthaceae) a native species that grows under natural conditions, in a rock-field area. Roots and leaves material from native specimens were sampled along different seasons of the year and LC-MS and GC-MS analyzed for multiple chemical constituents. The datasets derived from the different measurements were combined and evaluated using multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis was used to obtain an overview of the samples and identify outliers. Later, the data was analyzed with orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis to obtain valid models that could explain the metabolite variations in the different seasons. Two hundred and eighty metabolites were annotated, generating a unique database to characterize metabolic strategies used to cope with the effects of drought. The accumulation of fructans in the thickened roots is consistent with the storage of carbons during the rainy season to support the energy demand during a long period of drought. The accumulation of Abscisic acid, sugars and sugar alcohols, phenolics, and pigment in the leaves suggests physiological adaptations. To cope with long-term drought, the data suggests that tissue water status and storage of reserves are important to support plant survival and regrowth. However, during short-term drought, osmoregulation and oxidative protection seems to be essential, probably to support the maintenance of active photosynthesis.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Melo, Geraldo Aclécio and Abreu, Ilka Nacif and de Oliveira, Maíra Baista and Budzinski, Ilara Gabriela Frasson and Silva, Lucinélia Vieira and Pimenta, Marcio Antônio Silva and Moritz, Thomas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34155311},
	pmcid = {PMC8217525},
	pages = {12933},
}

Drought is the main factor that limits the distribution and productivity of plant species. In the Brazilian Cerrado, the vegetation is adapted to a seasonal climate with long- and short-term periods of drought. To analyze the metabolic strategies under such conditions, a metabolomic approach was used to characterize Gomphrena agrestis Mart. (Amaranthaceae) a native species that grows under natural conditions, in a rock-field area. Roots and leaves material from native specimens were sampled along different seasons of the year and LC-MS and GC-MS analyzed for multiple chemical constituents. The datasets derived from the different measurements were combined and evaluated using multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis was used to obtain an overview of the samples and identify outliers. Later, the data was analyzed with orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis to obtain valid models that could explain the metabolite variations in the different seasons. Two hundred and eighty metabolites were annotated, generating a unique database to characterize metabolic strategies used to cope with the effects of drought. The accumulation of fructans in the thickened roots is consistent with the storage of carbons during the rainy season to support the energy demand during a long period of drought. The accumulation of Abscisic acid, sugars and sugar alcohols, phenolics, and pigment in the leaves suggests physiological adaptations. To cope with long-term drought, the data suggests that tissue water status and storage of reserves are important to support plant survival and regrowth. However, during short-term drought, osmoregulation and oxidative protection seems to be essential, probably to support the maintenance of active photosynthesis.

@article{takahashi_alterations_2021,
	title = {Alterations in hormonal signals spatially coordinate distinct responses to {DNA} double-strand breaks in {Arabidopsis} roots},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	doi = {10/gkzft9},
	abstract = {Plants have a high ability to cope with changing environments and grow continuously throughout life. However, the mechanisms by which plants strike a balance between stress response and organ growth remain elusive. Here, we found that DNA double-strand breaks enhance the accumulation of cytokinin hormones through the DNA damage signaling pathway in the Arabidopsis root tip. Our data showed that activation of cytokinin signaling suppresses the expression of some of the PIN-FORMED genes that encode efflux carriers of another hormone, auxin, thereby decreasing the auxin signals in the root tip and causing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and stem cell death. Elevated cytokinin signaling also promotes an early transition from cell division to endoreplication in the basal part of the root apex. We propose that plant hormones spatially coordinate differential DNA damage responses, thereby maintaining genome integrity and minimizing cell death to ensure continuous root growth.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Takahashi, Naoki and Inagaki, Soichi and Nishimura, Kohei and Sakakibara, Hitoshi and Antoniadi, Ioanna and Karady, Michal and Ljung, Karin and Umeda, Masaaki},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34134976},
	pages = {eabg0993},
}

Plants have a high ability to cope with changing environments and grow continuously throughout life. However, the mechanisms by which plants strike a balance between stress response and organ growth remain elusive. Here, we found that DNA double-strand breaks enhance the accumulation of cytokinin hormones through the DNA damage signaling pathway in the Arabidopsis root tip. Our data showed that activation of cytokinin signaling suppresses the expression of some of the PIN-FORMED genes that encode efflux carriers of another hormone, auxin, thereby decreasing the auxin signals in the root tip and causing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and stem cell death. Elevated cytokinin signaling also promotes an early transition from cell division to endoreplication in the basal part of the root apex. We propose that plant hormones spatially coordinate differential DNA damage responses, thereby maintaining genome integrity and minimizing cell death to ensure continuous root growth.

@article{ding_phytochrome_2021,
	title = {Phytochrome {B} and {PHYTOCHROME} {INTERACTING} {FACTOR8} modulate seasonal growth in trees},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {© 2021 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2021 New Phytologist Foundation},
	issn = {1469-8137},
	url = {https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.17350},
	doi = {10/gkcr8c},
	abstract = {The seasonally synchronized annual growth cycle that is regulated mainly by photoperiod and temperature cues is a crucial adaptive strategy for perennial plants in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Phytochrome B (phyB), as a light and thermal sensor, has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis. However, the specific mechanisms for how the phytochrome photoreceptors control the phenology in tree species remain poorly understood. We characterized the functions of PHYB genes and their downstream PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) targets in the regulation of shade avoidance and seasonal growth in hybrid aspen trees. We show that while phyB1 and phyB2, as phyB in other plants, act as suppressors of shoot elongation during vegetative growth, they act as promoters of tree seasonal growth. Furthermore, while the Populus homologs of both PIF4 and PIF8 are involved in the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), only PIF8 plays a major role as a suppressor of seasonal growth. Our data suggest that the PHYB-PIF8 regulon controls seasonal growth through the regulation of FT and CENL1 expression while a genome-wide transcriptome analysis suggests how, in Populus trees, phyB coordinately regulates SAS responses and seasonal growth cessation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2021-06-21},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Ding, Jihua and Zhang, Bo and Li, Yue and André, Domenique and Nilsson, Ove},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.17350},
	keywords = {PHYTOCHROME B, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR8, Populus, bud break, growth cessation, shade avoidance},
}

The seasonally synchronized annual growth cycle that is regulated mainly by photoperiod and temperature cues is a crucial adaptive strategy for perennial plants in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Phytochrome B (phyB), as a light and thermal sensor, has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis. However, the specific mechanisms for how the phytochrome photoreceptors control the phenology in tree species remain poorly understood. We characterized the functions of PHYB genes and their downstream PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) targets in the regulation of shade avoidance and seasonal growth in hybrid aspen trees. We show that while phyB1 and phyB2, as phyB in other plants, act as suppressors of shoot elongation during vegetative growth, they act as promoters of tree seasonal growth. Furthermore, while the Populus homologs of both PIF4 and PIF8 are involved in the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), only PIF8 plays a major role as a suppressor of seasonal growth. Our data suggest that the PHYB-PIF8 regulon controls seasonal growth through the regulation of FT and CENL1 expression while a genome-wide transcriptome analysis suggests how, in Populus trees, phyB coordinately regulates SAS responses and seasonal growth cessation.

@article{sjogren_branched-chain_2021,
	title = {Branched-chain amino acid metabolism is regulated by {ERRα} in primary human myotubes and is further impaired by glucose loading in type 2 diabetes},
	issn = {1432-0428},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05481-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s00125-021-05481-9},
	abstract = {Increased levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. However, most metabolomic studies are limited to an analysis of plasma metabolites under fasting conditions, rather than the dynamic shift in response to a metabolic challenge. Moreover, metabolomic profiles of peripheral tissues involved in glucose homeostasis are scarce and the transcriptomic regulation of genes involved in BCAA catabolism is partially unknown. This study aimed to identify differences in circulating and skeletal muscle BCAA levels in response to an OGTT in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or type 2 diabetes. Additionally, transcription factors involved in the regulation of the BCAA gene set were identified.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-17},
	journal = {Diabetologia},
	author = {Sjögren, Rasmus J. O. and Rizo-Roca, David and Chibalin, Alexander V. and Chorell, Elin and Furrer, Regula and Katayama, Shintaro and Harada, Jun and Karlsson, Håkan K. R. and Handschin, Christoph and Moritz, Thomas and Krook, Anna and Näslund, Erik and Zierath, Juleen R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
}

Increased levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. However, most metabolomic studies are limited to an analysis of plasma metabolites under fasting conditions, rather than the dynamic shift in response to a metabolic challenge. Moreover, metabolomic profiles of peripheral tissues involved in glucose homeostasis are scarce and the transcriptomic regulation of genes involved in BCAA catabolism is partially unknown. This study aimed to identify differences in circulating and skeletal muscle BCAA levels in response to an OGTT in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or type 2 diabetes. Additionally, transcription factors involved in the regulation of the BCAA gene set were identified.

@article{maher_hasselquist_moving_2021,
	title = {Moving towards multi-layered, mixed-species forests in riparian buffers will enhance their long-term function in boreal landscapes},
	volume = {493},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811272100342X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119254},
	abstract = {Riparian buffers are the primary tool in forest management for protecting the habitat structure and function of streams. They help protect against biogeochemical perturbation, filter sediments and nutrients, prevent erosion, contribute food to aquatic organisms, regulate light and hence water temperature, contribute deadwood, and preserve biodiversity. However, in production forests of Sweden and Finland, many headwater streams have been straightened, ditched, and/or channelized, resulting in altered hydrology and reduced natural disturbance by floods, which in turn affects important riparian functions. Furthermore, in even-aged management systems as practiced in much of Fennoscandia, understory trees have usually been cleared right up to the stream’s edge during thinning operations, especially around small, headwater streams. Fire suppression has further favored succession towards shade tolerant species. In the regions within Fennoscandia that have experienced this combination of intensive management and lack of natural disturbance, riparian zones are now dominated by single-storied, native Norway spruce. When the adjacent forest is cut, thin (5 - 15m) conifer-dominated riparian buffers are typically left. These buffers do not provide the protection and subsidies, in terms of leaf litter quality, needed to maintain water quality or support riparian or aquatic biodiversity. Based on a literature review, we found compelling evidence that the ecological benefits of multi-layered, mixed-species riparian forest with a large component of broadleaved species are higher than what is now commonly found in the managed stands of Fennoscandia. To improve the functionality of riparian zones, and hence the protection of streams in managed forest landscapes, we present some basic principles that could be used to enhance the ecological function of these interfaces. These management actions should be prioritized on streams and streamside stands that have been affected by simplification either through forest management or hydrological modification. Key to these principles is the planning and managing of buffer zones as early as possible in the rotation to ensure improved function throughout the rotation cycle and not only at final felling. This is well in line with EU and national legislation which can be interpreted as requiring landscape planning at all forest ages to meet biodiversity and other environmental goals. However, it is still rare that planning for conservation is done other than at the final felling stage. Implementing this new strategy is likely to have long-term positive effects and improve the protection of surface waters from negative forestry effects and a history of fire suppression. By following these suggested management principles, there will be a longer time period with high function and greater future management flexibility in addition to the benefits provided by leaving riparian buffers at the final felling stage.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-17},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Maher Hasselquist, Eliza and Kuglerová, Lenka and Sjögren, Jörgen and Hjältén, Joakim and Ring, Eva and Sponseller, Ryan A. and Andersson, Elisabet and Lundström, Johanna and Mancheva, Irina and Nordin, Annika and Laudon, Hjalmar},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {boreal, broadleaf, continuous cover forestry, deciduous, forest planning, retention forestry, uneven-aged forestry},
	pages = {119254},
}

Riparian buffers are the primary tool in forest management for protecting the habitat structure and function of streams. They help protect against biogeochemical perturbation, filter sediments and nutrients, prevent erosion, contribute food to aquatic organisms, regulate light and hence water temperature, contribute deadwood, and preserve biodiversity. However, in production forests of Sweden and Finland, many headwater streams have been straightened, ditched, and/or channelized, resulting in altered hydrology and reduced natural disturbance by floods, which in turn affects important riparian functions. Furthermore, in even-aged management systems as practiced in much of Fennoscandia, understory trees have usually been cleared right up to the stream’s edge during thinning operations, especially around small, headwater streams. Fire suppression has further favored succession towards shade tolerant species. In the regions within Fennoscandia that have experienced this combination of intensive management and lack of natural disturbance, riparian zones are now dominated by single-storied, native Norway spruce. When the adjacent forest is cut, thin (5 - 15m) conifer-dominated riparian buffers are typically left. These buffers do not provide the protection and subsidies, in terms of leaf litter quality, needed to maintain water quality or support riparian or aquatic biodiversity. Based on a literature review, we found compelling evidence that the ecological benefits of multi-layered, mixed-species riparian forest with a large component of broadleaved species are higher than what is now commonly found in the managed stands of Fennoscandia. To improve the functionality of riparian zones, and hence the protection of streams in managed forest landscapes, we present some basic principles that could be used to enhance the ecological function of these interfaces. These management actions should be prioritized on streams and streamside stands that have been affected by simplification either through forest management or hydrological modification. Key to these principles is the planning and managing of buffer zones as early as possible in the rotation to ensure improved function throughout the rotation cycle and not only at final felling. This is well in line with EU and national legislation which can be interpreted as requiring landscape planning at all forest ages to meet biodiversity and other environmental goals. However, it is still rare that planning for conservation is done other than at the final felling stage. Implementing this new strategy is likely to have long-term positive effects and improve the protection of surface waters from negative forestry effects and a history of fire suppression. By following these suggested management principles, there will be a longer time period with high function and greater future management flexibility in addition to the benefits provided by leaving riparian buffers at the final felling stage.

@article{mahmud_prokseq_2021,
	title = {{ProkSeq} for complete analysis of {RNA}-{Seq} data from prokaryotes},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1367-4803},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa1063},
	doi = {10/gjd6zd},
	abstract = {Since its introduction, RNA-Seq technology has been used extensively in studies of pathogenic bacteria to identify and quantify differences in gene expression across multiple samples from bacteria exposed to different conditions. With some exceptions, tools for studying gene expression, determination of differential gene expression, downstream pathway analysis and normalization of data collected in extreme biological conditions is still lacking. Here, we describe ProkSeq, a user-friendly, fully automated RNA-Seq data analysis pipeline designed for prokaryotes. ProkSeq provides a wide variety of options for analysing differential expression, normalizing expression data and visualizing data and results.ProkSeq is implemented in Python and is published under the MIT source license. The pipeline is available as a Docker container https://hub.docker.com/repository/docker/snandids/prokseq-v2.0, or can be used through Anaconda: https://anaconda.org/snandiDS/prokseq. The code is available on Github: https://github.com/snandiDS/prokseq and a detailed user documentation, including a manual and tutorial can be found at https://prokseqV20.readthedocs.io.Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	journal = {Bioinformatics},
	author = {Mahmud, A K M Firoj and Delhomme, Nicolas and Nandi, Soumyadeep and Fällman, Maria},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {126--128},
}

Since its introduction, RNA-Seq technology has been used extensively in studies of pathogenic bacteria to identify and quantify differences in gene expression across multiple samples from bacteria exposed to different conditions. With some exceptions, tools for studying gene expression, determination of differential gene expression, downstream pathway analysis and normalization of data collected in extreme biological conditions is still lacking. Here, we describe ProkSeq, a user-friendly, fully automated RNA-Seq data analysis pipeline designed for prokaryotes. ProkSeq provides a wide variety of options for analysing differential expression, normalizing expression data and visualizing data and results.ProkSeq is implemented in Python and is published under the MIT source license. The pipeline is available as a Docker container https://hub.docker.com/repository/docker/snandids/prokseq-v2.0, or can be used through Anaconda: https://anaconda.org/snandiDS/prokseq. The code is available on Github: https://github.com/snandiDS/prokseq and a detailed user documentation, including a manual and tutorial can be found at https://prokseqV20.readthedocs.io.Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

@article{dikaya_insights_2021,
	title = {Insights into the role of alternative splicing in plant temperature response},
	issn = {1460-2431},
	doi = {10/gkhp7j},
	abstract = {Alternative splicing occurs in all eukaryotic organisms. Since the first description of multiexon genes and the splicing machinery, the field has expanded rapidly, especially in animals and yeast. However, our knowledge about splicing in plants is still quite fragmented. Though eukaryotes show some similarity in the composition and dynamics of the splicing machinery, observations of unique plant traits are only starting to emerge. For instance, plant alternative splicing is closely linked to their ability to perceive various environmental stimuli. Due to their sessile lifestyle, temperature is a central source of information allowing plants to adjust their development to match current growth conditions. Hence, seasonal temperature fluctuations and day-night cycles can strongly influence plant morphology across developmental stages. Here we discuss the available data about temperature-dependent alternative splicing in plants. Given its fragmented state it is not always possible to fit specific observations into a coherent picture, yet it is sufficient to estimate the complexity of this field and the need of further research. Better understanding of alternative splicing as a part of plant temperature response and adaptation may also prove to be a powerful tool for both, fundamental and applied sciences.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	author = {Dikaya, Varvara and El Arbi, Nabila and Rojas-Murcia, Nelson and Nardeli, Sarah Muniz and Goretti, Daniela and Schmid, Markus},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34105719},
	keywords = {Arabidopsis thaliana, alternative splicing, cold acclimation, heat acclimation, splicing factor, temperature adaptation, temperature response},
}

Alternative splicing occurs in all eukaryotic organisms. Since the first description of multiexon genes and the splicing machinery, the field has expanded rapidly, especially in animals and yeast. However, our knowledge about splicing in plants is still quite fragmented. Though eukaryotes show some similarity in the composition and dynamics of the splicing machinery, observations of unique plant traits are only starting to emerge. For instance, plant alternative splicing is closely linked to their ability to perceive various environmental stimuli. Due to their sessile lifestyle, temperature is a central source of information allowing plants to adjust their development to match current growth conditions. Hence, seasonal temperature fluctuations and day-night cycles can strongly influence plant morphology across developmental stages. Here we discuss the available data about temperature-dependent alternative splicing in plants. Given its fragmented state it is not always possible to fit specific observations into a coherent picture, yet it is sufficient to estimate the complexity of this field and the need of further research. Better understanding of alternative splicing as a part of plant temperature response and adaptation may also prove to be a powerful tool for both, fundamental and applied sciences.

@article{lindgren_balanced_2021,
	title = {Balanced forest tree improvement can be enhanced by selecting among many parents but maintaining balance among grandparents},
	url = {https://core.ac.uk/display/227117724},
	abstract = {A model for a balanced tree breeding program that considers genetic gain and cost was used to assess the benefits of increasing the breeding population to allow for a component of among-parent selection while maintaining an equal contribution among grandparents, rather than relaying on within-family selection with an equal parental representation. The scenario used in this study had characteristics similar to those of the phenotypic selection strategy for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) in Sweden. The results showed that investments in a greater number of parents and families to allow for among-parent selection resulted in a markedly higher genetic gain. The among-parent selection component increased the genetic gain by as much as 70\% in a scenario with a high budget and no family creation costs and by as much as 20\% in a scenario with a low budget and high family creation costsVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij},
	language = {en-gb},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	author = {Lindgren, Dag and Danusevičius, Darius and Rosvall, Ola},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
}

A model for a balanced tree breeding program that considers genetic gain and cost was used to assess the benefits of increasing the breeding population to allow for a component of among-parent selection while maintaining an equal contribution among grandparents, rather than relaying on within-family selection with an equal parental representation. The scenario used in this study had characteristics similar to those of the phenotypic selection strategy for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) in Sweden. The results showed that investments in a greater number of parents and families to allow for among-parent selection resulted in a markedly higher genetic gain. The among-parent selection component increased the genetic gain by as much as 70% in a scenario with a high budget and no family creation costs and by as much as 20% in a scenario with a low budget and high family creation costsVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

@article{le_scale-up_2021,
	title = {Scale-up of {Somatic} {Embryogenesis} {Plant} {Production} of {Hybrid} {Larch} ({Larix} x eurolepis) {Using} {Temporary} {Immersion} {Bioreactors}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1071-2690},
	language = {English},
	number = {SUPPL 1},
	journal = {In Vitro Cellular \& Developmental Biology-Animal},
	author = {Le, K.-C. and Egertsdotter, U.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	note = {WOS:000655666400097},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {S38--S39},
}

@article{hall_divergent_2021,
	title = {Divergent patterns between phenotypic and genetic variation in {Scots} pine},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {25903462},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590346220301826},
	doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100139},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Plant Communications},
	author = {Hall, David and Olsson, Jenny and Zhao, Wei and Kroon, Johan and Wennström, Ulfstand and Wang, Xiao-Ru},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {100139},
}

@article{lihavainen_stem_2021,
	title = {Stem girdling affects the onset of autumn senescence in aspen in interaction with metabolic signals},
	volume = {172},
	issn = {0031-9317, 1399-3054},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppl.13319},
	doi = {10.1111/ppl.13319},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
	author = {Lihavainen, Jenna and Edlund, Erik and Björkén, Lars and Bag, Pushan and Robinson, Kathryn M. and Jansson, Stefan},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {201--217},
}

@article{przybyla-toscano_ironsulfur_2021,
	title = {Iron–sulfur proteins in plant mitochondria: roles and maturation},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0022-0957, 1460-2431},
	shorttitle = {Iron–sulfur proteins in plant mitochondria},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/72/6/2014/6029934},
	doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraa578},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are prosthetic groups ensuring electron transfer reactions, activating substrates for catalytic reactions, providing sulfur atoms for the biosynthesis of vitamins or other cofactors, or having protein-stabilizing effects. Hence, metalloproteins containing these cofactors are essential for numerous and diverse metabolic pathways and cellular processes occurring in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are organelles where the Fe–S cluster demand is high, notably because the activity of the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and III relies on the correct assembly and functioning of Fe–S proteins. Several other proteins or complexes present in the matrix require Fe–S clusters as well, or depend either on Fe–S proteins such as ferredoxins or on cofactors such as lipoic acid or biotin whose synthesis relies on Fe–S proteins. In this review, we have listed and discussed the Fe–S-dependent enzymes or pathways in plant mitochondria including some potentially novel Fe–S proteins identified based on in silico analysis or on recent evidence obtained in non-plant organisms. We also provide information about recent developments concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in Fe–S cluster synthesis and trafficking steps of these cofactors from maturation factors to client apoproteins.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	author = {Przybyla-Toscano, Jonathan and Christ, Loïck and Keech, Olivier and Rouhier, Nicolas},
	editor = {Dietz, Karl-Josef},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2014--2044},
}

Abstract Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are prosthetic groups ensuring electron transfer reactions, activating substrates for catalytic reactions, providing sulfur atoms for the biosynthesis of vitamins or other cofactors, or having protein-stabilizing effects. Hence, metalloproteins containing these cofactors are essential for numerous and diverse metabolic pathways and cellular processes occurring in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are organelles where the Fe–S cluster demand is high, notably because the activity of the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and III relies on the correct assembly and functioning of Fe–S proteins. Several other proteins or complexes present in the matrix require Fe–S clusters as well, or depend either on Fe–S proteins such as ferredoxins or on cofactors such as lipoic acid or biotin whose synthesis relies on Fe–S proteins. In this review, we have listed and discussed the Fe–S-dependent enzymes or pathways in plant mitochondria including some potentially novel Fe–S proteins identified based on in silico analysis or on recent evidence obtained in non-plant organisms. We also provide information about recent developments concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in Fe–S cluster synthesis and trafficking steps of these cofactors from maturation factors to client apoproteins.

@article{van_sundert_increased_2021,
	title = {Increased tree growth following long-term optimised fertiliser application indirectly alters soil properties in a boreal forest},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {1612-4677},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01327-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s10342-020-01327-y},
	abstract = {It is well established that nutrient addition influences ecosystem features such as productivity, carbon storage, soil acidification and biodiversity. Less studied are long-term effects of sustained fertiliser application on forest soil characteristics and nutrient supplies, and especially direct and indirect mechanisms underlying changes. We investigated effects of 3 decades versus 1 decade of optimised fertiliser application on soil properties and nutrient supplies in a 30-year-old nutrient optimisation experiment in a Norway spruce plantation in northern Sweden. We tested for direct and indirect effects of fertiliser use through structural equation models and correlations among tree and soil variables. Results showed that soil characteristics, especially organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, were significantly affected by 10- and 30-year fertiliser application. Soil C/N was similar for the short-term versus controls, but decreased for the long-term versus short-term treatment. Although not explicitly measured, it was clear from our analyses and earlier studies at the site that litter accumulation played a key role in explaining these changes in soil properties, while foliar stoichiometry data suggest long-term effects of litter quality. Nutrient supply rates increased more after 30 than 10 years of fertiliser application. Summarized, we showed that the interplay of direct and indirect effects can yield nonlinear patterns over time, as exemplified by soil C/N. Furthermore, we conclude that lagged, indirect effects of fertilisation through altered litter quantity and quality dominate changes in soil characteristics in this forest. These soil characteristics have further relevance to nutrient availability, suggesting that nutrient optimisation can influence soil fertility also indirectly.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {European Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Van Sundert, Kevin and Linder, Sune and Marshall, John D. and Nordin, Annika and Vicca, Sara},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {241--254},
}

It is well established that nutrient addition influences ecosystem features such as productivity, carbon storage, soil acidification and biodiversity. Less studied are long-term effects of sustained fertiliser application on forest soil characteristics and nutrient supplies, and especially direct and indirect mechanisms underlying changes. We investigated effects of 3 decades versus 1 decade of optimised fertiliser application on soil properties and nutrient supplies in a 30-year-old nutrient optimisation experiment in a Norway spruce plantation in northern Sweden. We tested for direct and indirect effects of fertiliser use through structural equation models and correlations among tree and soil variables. Results showed that soil characteristics, especially organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, were significantly affected by 10- and 30-year fertiliser application. Soil C/N was similar for the short-term versus controls, but decreased for the long-term versus short-term treatment. Although not explicitly measured, it was clear from our analyses and earlier studies at the site that litter accumulation played a key role in explaining these changes in soil properties, while foliar stoichiometry data suggest long-term effects of litter quality. Nutrient supply rates increased more after 30 than 10 years of fertiliser application. Summarized, we showed that the interplay of direct and indirect effects can yield nonlinear patterns over time, as exemplified by soil C/N. Furthermore, we conclude that lagged, indirect effects of fertilisation through altered litter quantity and quality dominate changes in soil characteristics in this forest. These soil characteristics have further relevance to nutrient availability, suggesting that nutrient optimisation can influence soil fertility also indirectly.

@article{bernhardsson_development_2021,
	title = {Development of a highly efficient {50K} single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping array for the large and complex genome of {Norway} spruce ( \textit{{Picea} abies} {L}. {Karst}) by whole genome resequencing and its transferability to other spruce species},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1755-098X, 1755-0998},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-0998.13292},
	doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13292},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	author = {Bernhardsson, Carolina and Zan, Yanjun and Chen, Zhiqiang and Ingvarsson, Pär K. and Wu, Harry X.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {880--896},
}

@article{ji_fully_2021,
	title = {A fully assembled plastid‐encoded {\textless}span style="font-variant:small-caps;"{\textgreater}{RNA}{\textless}/span{\textgreater} polymerase complex detected in etioplasts and proplastids in {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {171},
	issn = {0031-9317, 1399-3054},
	shorttitle = {A fully assembled plastid‐encoded {\textless}span style="font-variant},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppl.13256},
	doi = {10.1111/ppl.13256},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
	author = {Ji, Yan and Lehotai, Nóra and Zan, Yanjun and Dubreuil, Carole and Díaz, Manuel Guinea and Strand, Åsa},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {435--446},
}

@article{forsmark_longterm_2021,
	title = {Long‐term nitrogen enrichment does not increase microbial phosphorus mobilization in a northern coniferous forest},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0269-8463, 1365-2435},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13701},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13701},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Forsmark, Benjamin and Wallander, Håkan and Nordin, Annika and Gundale, Michael J.},
	editor = {Stevens, Carly},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {277--287},
}

@article{jonasson_comparison_2021,
	title = {Comparison of tension wood and normal wood for oxidative nanofibrillation and network characteristics},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-020-03556-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10570-020-03556-1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are top-down nanomaterials obtainable from abundant lignocelluloses. Despite recent advances in processing technologies, the effects of variations in the lignocellulose structure and composition on CNF isolation and properties are poorly understood. In this study, we compared the isolation of CNFs from tension wood (TW) and normal wood (NW) from
              Populus tremula
              (aspen). The TW has a higher cellulose content, native cellulose fibrils with a larger crystalline diameter, and less lignin than the NW, making it an interesting material for CNF isolation. The wood powders were oxidized directly by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, and the morphology and mechanical behaviors of the nanofibril suspensions and networks were characterized. The TW was more difficult to fibrillate by both chemical and mechanical means. Larger nanofibrils (5–10 nm) composed of 1.2 nm structures were present in the TW CNFs, whereas the NW samples contained more of thin (1.6 nm) structures, which also comprised 77\% of the solid yield compared to the 33\% for TW. This difference was reflected in the TW CNF networks as decreased transmittance (15\% vs. 50\%), higher degree of crystallinity (85.9\% vs. 78.0\%), doubled toughness (11 MJ/m
              3
              ) and higher elongation at break (12\%) compared to NW. The difference was ascribed to greater preservation of the hierarchical, more crystalline microfibril structure, combined with a more cellulose-rich network (84\% vs. 70\%). This knowledge of the processing, structure, and properties of CNFs can facilitate the breeding and design of wood feedstocks to meet the increasing demand for nanoscale renewable materials.
            
            
              Graphic abstract},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Cellulose},
	author = {Jonasson, Simon and Bünder, Anne and Das, Oisik and Niittylä, Totte and Oksman, Kristiina},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1085--1104},
}

Abstract Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are top-down nanomaterials obtainable from abundant lignocelluloses. Despite recent advances in processing technologies, the effects of variations in the lignocellulose structure and composition on CNF isolation and properties are poorly understood. In this study, we compared the isolation of CNFs from tension wood (TW) and normal wood (NW) from Populus tremula (aspen). The TW has a higher cellulose content, native cellulose fibrils with a larger crystalline diameter, and less lignin than the NW, making it an interesting material for CNF isolation. The wood powders were oxidized directly by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, and the morphology and mechanical behaviors of the nanofibril suspensions and networks were characterized. The TW was more difficult to fibrillate by both chemical and mechanical means. Larger nanofibrils (5–10 nm) composed of 1.2 nm structures were present in the TW CNFs, whereas the NW samples contained more of thin (1.6 nm) structures, which also comprised 77% of the solid yield compared to the 33% for TW. This difference was reflected in the TW CNF networks as decreased transmittance (15% vs. 50%), higher degree of crystallinity (85.9% vs. 78.0%), doubled toughness (11 MJ/m 3 ) and higher elongation at break (12%) compared to NW. The difference was ascribed to greater preservation of the hierarchical, more crystalline microfibril structure, combined with a more cellulose-rich network (84% vs. 70%). This knowledge of the processing, structure, and properties of CNFs can facilitate the breeding and design of wood feedstocks to meet the increasing demand for nanoscale renewable materials. Graphic abstract

@article{wu_balancing_2021,
	title = {Balancing {Breeding} for {Growth} and {Fecundity} in {Radiata} {Pine} ( \textit{{Pinus} radiata} {D}. {Don}) {Breeding} {Programme}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1752-4571, 1752-4571},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13164},
	doi = {10.1111/eva.13164},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	author = {Wu, Harry X. and Ker, Richard and Chen, Zhiqiang and Ivkovic, Milos},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {834--846},
}

@article{landberg_studies_2021,
	title = {Studies of moss reproductive development indicate that auxin biosynthesis in apical stem cells may constitute an ancestral function for focal growth control},
	volume = {229},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.16914},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.16914},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Landberg, Katarina and Šimura, Jan and Ljung, Karin and Sundberg, Eva and Thelander, Mattias},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {845--860},
}

@article{zhu_acclimation_2021,
	title = {Acclimation of leaf respiration temperature responses across thermally contrasting biomes},
	volume = {229},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.16929},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.16929},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Zhu, Lingling and Bloomfield, Keith J. and Asao, Shinichi and Tjoelker, Mark G. and Egerton, John J.G. and Hayes, Lucy and Weerasinghe, Lasantha K. and Creek, Danielle and Griffin, Kevin L. and Hurry, Vaughan and Liddell, Michael and Meir, Patrick and Turnbull, Matthew H. and Atkin, Owen K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1312--1325},
}

@article{tarvainen_limited_2021,
	title = {Limited vertical {CO2} transport in stems of mature boreal \textit{{Pinus} sylvestris} trees},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article/41/1/63/5898915},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpaa113},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Several studies have suggested that CO2 transport in the transpiration stream can considerably bias estimates of root and stem respiration in ring-porous and diffuse-porous tree species. Whether this also happens in species with tracheid xylem anatomy and lower sap flow rates, such as conifers, is currently unclear. We infused 13C-labelled solution into the xylem near the base of two 90-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. trees. A custom-built gas exchange system and an online isotopic analyser were used to sample the CO2 efflux and its isotopic composition continuously from four positions along the bole and one upper canopy shoot in each tree. Phloem and needle tissue 13C enrichment was also evaluated at these positions. Most of the 13C label was lost by diffusion within a few metres of the infusion point indicating rapid CO2 loss during vertical xylem transport. No 13C enrichment was detected in the upper bole needle tissues. Furthermore, mass balance calculations showed that c. 97\% of the locally respired CO2 diffused radially to the atmosphere. Our results support the notion that xylem CO2 transport is of limited magnitude in conifers. This implies that the concerns that stem transport of CO2 derived from root respiration biases chamber-based estimates of forest carbon cycling may be unwarranted for mature conifer stands.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Tarvainen, Lasse and Wallin, Göran and Linder, Sune and Näsholm, Torgny and Oren, Ram and Ottosson Löfvenius, Mikaell and Räntfors, Mats and Tor-Ngern, Pantana and Marshall, John D},
	editor = {Steppe, Kathy},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {63--75},
}

Abstract Several studies have suggested that CO2 transport in the transpiration stream can considerably bias estimates of root and stem respiration in ring-porous and diffuse-porous tree species. Whether this also happens in species with tracheid xylem anatomy and lower sap flow rates, such as conifers, is currently unclear. We infused 13C-labelled solution into the xylem near the base of two 90-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. trees. A custom-built gas exchange system and an online isotopic analyser were used to sample the CO2 efflux and its isotopic composition continuously from four positions along the bole and one upper canopy shoot in each tree. Phloem and needle tissue 13C enrichment was also evaluated at these positions. Most of the 13C label was lost by diffusion within a few metres of the infusion point indicating rapid CO2 loss during vertical xylem transport. No 13C enrichment was detected in the upper bole needle tissues. Furthermore, mass balance calculations showed that c. 97% of the locally respired CO2 diffused radially to the atmosphere. Our results support the notion that xylem CO2 transport is of limited magnitude in conifers. This implies that the concerns that stem transport of CO2 derived from root respiration biases chamber-based estimates of forest carbon cycling may be unwarranted for mature conifer stands.

@article{dominguez_sucrose_2021,
	title = {Sucrose synthase determines carbon allocation in developing wood and alters carbon flow at the whole tree level in aspen},
	volume = {229},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.16721},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.16721},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-07},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Dominguez, Pia Guadalupe and Donev, Evgeniy and Derba‐Maceluch, Marta and Bünder, Anne and Hedenström, Mattias and Tomášková, Ivana and Mellerowicz, Ewa J. and Niittylä, Totte},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {186--198},
}

@article{pandey_plant_2021,
	title = {Plant roots sense soil compaction through restricted ethylene diffusion},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abf3013},
	doi = {10/ghtf3b},
	abstract = {Soil compaction represents a major challenge for modern agriculture. Compaction is intuitively thought to reduce root growth by limiting the ability of roots to penetrate harder soils. We report that root growth in compacted soil is instead actively suppressed by the volatile hormone ethylene. We found that mutant
              Arabidopsis
              and rice roots that were insensitive to ethylene penetrated compacted soil more effectively than did wild-type roots. Our results indicate that soil compaction lowers gas diffusion through a reduction in air-filled pores, thereby causing ethylene to accumulate in root tissues and trigger hormone responses that restrict growth. We propose that ethylene acts as an early warning signal for roots to avoid compacted soils, which would be relevant to research into the breeding of crops resilient to soil compaction.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6526},
	urldate = {2021-06-04},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Pandey, Bipin K. and Huang, Guoqiang and Bhosale, Rahul and Hartman, Sjon and Sturrock, Craig J. and Jose, Lottie and Martin, Olivier C. and Karady, Michal and Voesenek, Laurentius A. C. J. and Ljung, Karin and Lynch, Jonathan P. and Brown, Kathleen M. and Whalley, William R. and Mooney, Sacha J. and Zhang, Dabing and Bennett, Malcolm J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {276--280},
}

Soil compaction represents a major challenge for modern agriculture. Compaction is intuitively thought to reduce root growth by limiting the ability of roots to penetrate harder soils. We report that root growth in compacted soil is instead actively suppressed by the volatile hormone ethylene. We found that mutant Arabidopsis and rice roots that were insensitive to ethylene penetrated compacted soil more effectively than did wild-type roots. Our results indicate that soil compaction lowers gas diffusion through a reduction in air-filled pores, thereby causing ethylene to accumulate in root tissues and trigger hormone responses that restrict growth. We propose that ethylene acts as an early warning signal for roots to avoid compacted soils, which would be relevant to research into the breeding of crops resilient to soil compaction.

@article{diacci_diurnal_2021,
	title = {Diurnal in vivo xylem sap glucose and sucrose monitoring using implantable organic electrochemical transistor sensors},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {25890042},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004220311639},
	doi = {10/gjgsjg},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {iScience},
	author = {Diacci, Chiara and Abedi, Tayebeh and Lee, Jee Woong and Gabrielsson, Erik O. and Berggren, Magnus and Simon, Daniel T. and Niittylä, Totte and Stavrinidou, Eleni},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {101966},
}

@article{galbraith_best_2021,
	title = {Best practices in plant cytometry},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {1552-4922, 1552-4930},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cyto.a.24295},
	doi = {10/gkcr59},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Cytometry Part A},
	author = {Galbraith, David and Loureiro, João and Antoniadi, Ioanna and Bainard, Jillian and Bureš, Petr and Cápal, Petr and Castro, Mariana and Castro, Sílvia and Čertner, Martin and Čertnerová, Dora and Chumová, Zuzana and Doležel, Jaroslav and Giorgi, Debora and Husband, Brian C. and Kolář, Filip and Koutecký, Petr and Kron, Paul and Leitch, Ilia J. and Ljung, Karin and Lopes, Sara and Lučanová, Magdalena and Lucretti, Sergio and Ma, Wen and Melzer, Susanne and Molnár, István and Novák, Ondřej and Poulton, Nicole and Skalický, Vladimír and Sliwinska, Elwira and Šmarda, Petr and Smith, Tyler W. and Sun, Guiling and Talhinhas, Pedro and Tárnok, Attila and Temsch, Eva M. and Trávníček, Pavel and Urfus, Tomáš},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {311--317},
}

@article{parizkova_new_2021,
	title = {New fluorescent auxin probes visualise tissue‐specific and subcellular distributions of auxin in {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {230},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.17183},
	doi = {10/gkcr7d},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Pařízková, Barbora and Žukauskaitė, Asta and Vain, Thomas and Grones, Peter and Raggi, Sara and Kubeš, Martin F. and Kieffer, Martin and Doyle, Siamsa M. and Strnad, Miroslav and Kepinski, Stefan and Napier, Richard and Doležal, Karel and Robert, Stéphanie and Novák, Ondřej},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {535--549},
}

@article{baral_external_2021,
	title = {External {Mechanical} {Cues} {Reveal} a {Katanin}-{Independent} {Mechanism} behind {Auxin}-{Mediated} {Tissue} {Bending} in {Plants}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {15345807},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1534580720309837},
	doi = {10/ghtbf9},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Developmental Cell},
	author = {Baral, Anirban and Aryal, Bibek and Jonsson, Kristoffer and Morris, Emily and Demes, Elsa and Takatani, Shogo and Verger, Stéphane and Xu, Tongda and Bennett, Malcolm and Hamant, Olivier and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {67--80.e3},
}

@article{casanova-saez_auxin_2021,
	title = {Auxin {Metabolism} in {Plants}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1943-0264},
	url = {http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/cshperspect.a039867},
	doi = {10/gkcr6m},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology},
	author = {Casanova-Sáez, Rubén and Mateo-Bonmatí, Eduardo and Ljung, Karin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {a039867},
}

@article{vaughanhirsch_function_2021,
	title = {Function of the pseudo phosphotransfer proteins has diverged between rice and {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0960-7412, 1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tpj.15156},
	doi = {10/gkcr6p},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Vaughan‐Hirsch, John and Tallerday, Emily J. and Burr, Christian A. and Hodgens, Charlie and Boeshore, Samantha L. and Beaver, Kevin and Melling, Allison and Sari, Kartika and Kerr, Ian D. and Šimura, Jan and Ljung, Karin and Xu, Dawei and Liang, Wanqi and Bhosale, Rahul and Schaller, G. Eric and Bishopp, Anthony and Kieber, Joseph J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {159--173},
}

@article{haas_candidate_2021,
	title = {Candidate regulators and target genes of drought stress in needles and roots of {Norway} spruce},
	issn = {1758-4469},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/treephys/advance-article/doi/10.1093/treephys/tpaa178/6069261},
	doi = {10/gkcr69},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Drought stress impacts seedling establishment, survival and whole-plant productivity. Molecular responses to drought stress have been most extensively studied in herbaceous species, mostly considering only aboveground tissues. Coniferous tree species dominate boreal forests, which are predicted to be exposed to more frequent and acute drought as a result of ongoing climate change. The associated impact at all stages of the forest tree life cycle is expected to have large-scale ecological and economic impacts. However, the molecular response to drought has not been comprehensively profiled for coniferous species. We assayed the physiological and transcriptional response of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst seedling needles and roots after exposure to mild and severe drought. Shoots and needles showed an extensive reversible plasticity for physiological measures indicative of drought-response mechanisms, including changes in stomatal conductance (gs), shoot water potential and abscisic acid (ABA). In both tissues, the most commonly observed expression profiles in response to drought were highly correlated with the ABA levels. Still, root and needle transcriptional responses contrasted, with extensive root-specific down-regulation of growth. Comparison between previously characterized Arabidopsis thaliana L. drought-response genes and P. abies revealed both conservation and divergence of transcriptional response to drought. In P. abies, transcription factors belonging to the ABA responsive element(ABRE) binding/ABRE binding factors ABA-dependent pathway had a more limited role. These results highlight the importance of profiling both above- and belowground tissues, and provide a comprehensive framework to advance the understanding of the drought response of P. abies. The results demonstrate that a short-term, severe drought induces severe physiological responses coupled to extensive transcriptome modulation and highlight the susceptibility of Norway spruce seedlings to such drought events.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Haas, Julia C and Vergara, Alexander and Serrano, Alonso R and Mishra, Sanatkumar and Hurry, Vaughan and Street, Nathaniel R},
	editor = {Plomion, Christophe},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {tpaa178},
}

Abstract Drought stress impacts seedling establishment, survival and whole-plant productivity. Molecular responses to drought stress have been most extensively studied in herbaceous species, mostly considering only aboveground tissues. Coniferous tree species dominate boreal forests, which are predicted to be exposed to more frequent and acute drought as a result of ongoing climate change. The associated impact at all stages of the forest tree life cycle is expected to have large-scale ecological and economic impacts. However, the molecular response to drought has not been comprehensively profiled for coniferous species. We assayed the physiological and transcriptional response of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst seedling needles and roots after exposure to mild and severe drought. Shoots and needles showed an extensive reversible plasticity for physiological measures indicative of drought-response mechanisms, including changes in stomatal conductance (gs), shoot water potential and abscisic acid (ABA). In both tissues, the most commonly observed expression profiles in response to drought were highly correlated with the ABA levels. Still, root and needle transcriptional responses contrasted, with extensive root-specific down-regulation of growth. Comparison between previously characterized Arabidopsis thaliana L. drought-response genes and P. abies revealed both conservation and divergence of transcriptional response to drought. In P. abies, transcription factors belonging to the ABA responsive element(ABRE) binding/ABRE binding factors ABA-dependent pathway had a more limited role. These results highlight the importance of profiling both above- and belowground tissues, and provide a comprehensive framework to advance the understanding of the drought response of P. abies. The results demonstrate that a short-term, severe drought induces severe physiological responses coupled to extensive transcriptome modulation and highlight the susceptibility of Norway spruce seedlings to such drought events.

@article{le_evaluation_2021,
	title = {Evaluation of parameters to characterise germination-competent mature somatic embryos of {Norway} spruce ({Picea} abies)},
	volume = {203},
	issn = {15375110},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1537511020303457},
	doi = {10/gkcr7h},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Biosystems Engineering},
	author = {Le, Kim-Cuong and Weerasekara, Aruna B. and Ranade, Sonali S. and Egertsdotter, E-M Ulrika},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {55--59},
}

@article{ranade_molecular_2021,
	title = {Molecular signatures of local adaptation to light in {Norway} spruce},
	volume = {253},
	issn = {0032-0935, 1432-2048},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00425-020-03517-9},
	doi = {10/gjd69n},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Main conclusion
              Transcriptomic and exome capture analysis reveal an adaptive cline for shade tolerance in Norway spruce. Genes involved in the lignin pathway and immunity seem to play a potential role in contributing towards local adaptation to light.
            
            
              Abstract
              The study of natural variation is an efficient method to elucidate how plants adapt to local climatic conditions, a key process for the evolution of a species. Norway spruce is a shade-tolerant conifer in which the requirement of far-red light for growth increases latitudinally northwards. The objective of the study is to characterize the genetic control of local adaptation to light enriched in far-red in Norway spruce, motivated by a latitudinal gradient for the Red:Far-red (R:FR) ratio to which Norway spruce has been proven to be genetically adapted. We have established the genomic signatures of local adaptation by conducting transcriptomic (total RNA-sequencing) and genomic analyses (exome capture), for the identification of genes differentially regulated along the cline. RNA-sequencing revealed 274 differentially expressed genes in response to SHADE (low R:FR light), between the southern and northern natural populations in Sweden. Exome capture included analysis of a uniquely large data set (1654 trees) that revealed missense variations in coding regions of nine differentially expressed candidate genes, which followed a latitudinal cline in allele and genotype frequencies. These genes included five transcription factors involved in vital processes like bud-set/bud-flush, lignin pathway, and cold acclimation and other genes that take part in cell-wall remodeling, secondary cell-wall thickening, response to starvation, and immunity. Based on these results, we suggest that the northern populations might not only be able to adjust their growing season in response to low R:FR light, but they may also be better adapted towards disease resistance by up-regulation of the lignin pathway that is linked to immunity. This forms a concrete basis for local adaptation to light quality in Norway spruce, one of the most economically important conifer tree species in Sweden.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Planta},
	author = {Ranade, Sonali Sachin and García-Gil, María Rosario},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {53},
}

Abstract Main conclusion Transcriptomic and exome capture analysis reveal an adaptive cline for shade tolerance in Norway spruce. Genes involved in the lignin pathway and immunity seem to play a potential role in contributing towards local adaptation to light. Abstract The study of natural variation is an efficient method to elucidate how plants adapt to local climatic conditions, a key process for the evolution of a species. Norway spruce is a shade-tolerant conifer in which the requirement of far-red light for growth increases latitudinally northwards. The objective of the study is to characterize the genetic control of local adaptation to light enriched in far-red in Norway spruce, motivated by a latitudinal gradient for the Red:Far-red (R:FR) ratio to which Norway spruce has been proven to be genetically adapted. We have established the genomic signatures of local adaptation by conducting transcriptomic (total RNA-sequencing) and genomic analyses (exome capture), for the identification of genes differentially regulated along the cline. RNA-sequencing revealed 274 differentially expressed genes in response to SHADE (low R:FR light), between the southern and northern natural populations in Sweden. Exome capture included analysis of a uniquely large data set (1654 trees) that revealed missense variations in coding regions of nine differentially expressed candidate genes, which followed a latitudinal cline in allele and genotype frequencies. These genes included five transcription factors involved in vital processes like bud-set/bud-flush, lignin pathway, and cold acclimation and other genes that take part in cell-wall remodeling, secondary cell-wall thickening, response to starvation, and immunity. Based on these results, we suggest that the northern populations might not only be able to adjust their growing season in response to low R:FR light, but they may also be better adapted towards disease resistance by up-regulation of the lignin pathway that is linked to immunity. This forms a concrete basis for local adaptation to light quality in Norway spruce, one of the most economically important conifer tree species in Sweden.

@article{kleczkowski_magnesium_2021,
	title = {Magnesium {Signaling} in {Plants}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1422-0067},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1159},
	doi = {10/gjd692},
	abstract = {Free magnesium (Mg2+) is a signal of the adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP) status in the cells. It results from the equilibrium of adenylate kinase (AK), which uses Mg-chelated and Mg-free adenylates as substrates in both directions of its reaction. The AK-mediated primary control of intracellular [Mg2+] is finely interwoven with the operation of membrane-bound adenylate- and Mg2+-translocators, which in a given compartment control the supply of free adenylates and Mg2+ for the AK-mediated equilibration. As a result, [Mg2+] itself varies both between and within the compartments, depending on their energetic status and environmental clues. Other key nucleotide-utilizing/producing enzymes (e.g., nucleoside diphosphate kinase) may also be involved in fine-tuning of the intracellular [Mg2+]. Changes in [Mg2+] regulate activities of myriads of Mg-utilizing/requiring enzymes, affecting metabolism under both normal and stress conditions, and impacting photosynthetic performance, respiration, phloem loading and other processes. In compartments controlled by AK equilibrium (cytosol, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus), the intracellular [Mg2+] can be calculated from total adenylate contents, based on the dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant of AK on [Mg2+]. Magnesium signaling, reflecting cellular adenylate status, is likely widespread in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, due simply to the omnipresent nature of AK and to its involvement in adenylate equilibration.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
	author = {Kleczkowski, Leszek A. and Igamberdiev, Abir U.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1159},
}

Free magnesium (Mg2+) is a signal of the adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP) status in the cells. It results from the equilibrium of adenylate kinase (AK), which uses Mg-chelated and Mg-free adenylates as substrates in both directions of its reaction. The AK-mediated primary control of intracellular [Mg2+] is finely interwoven with the operation of membrane-bound adenylate- and Mg2+-translocators, which in a given compartment control the supply of free adenylates and Mg2+ for the AK-mediated equilibration. As a result, [Mg2+] itself varies both between and within the compartments, depending on their energetic status and environmental clues. Other key nucleotide-utilizing/producing enzymes (e.g., nucleoside diphosphate kinase) may also be involved in fine-tuning of the intracellular [Mg2+]. Changes in [Mg2+] regulate activities of myriads of Mg-utilizing/requiring enzymes, affecting metabolism under both normal and stress conditions, and impacting photosynthetic performance, respiration, phloem loading and other processes. In compartments controlled by AK equilibrium (cytosol, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus), the intracellular [Mg2+] can be calculated from total adenylate contents, based on the dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant of AK on [Mg2+]. Magnesium signaling, reflecting cellular adenylate status, is likely widespread in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, due simply to the omnipresent nature of AK and to its involvement in adenylate equilibration.

@article{bandau_european_2021,
	title = {European aspen with high compared to low constitutive tannin defenses grow taller in response to anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment},
	volume = {487},
	issn = {03781127},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112721000748},
	doi = {10/gjd7k2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Bandau, Franziska and Albrectsen, Benedicte Riber and Robinson, Kathryn M. and Gundale, Michael J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {118985},
}

@article{schneider_comparative_2021,
	title = {Comparative {Fungal} {Community} {Analyses} {Using} {Metatranscriptomics} and {Internal} {Transcribed} {Spacer} {Amplicon} {Sequencing} from {Norway} {Spruce}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2379-5077},
	url = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00884-20},
	doi = {10/gjnmqq},
	abstract = {A deeper understanding of microbial communities associated with plants is revealing their importance for plant health and productivity. RNA extracted from plant field samples represents the host and other organisms present.
          , 
            ABSTRACT
            
              The health, growth, and fitness of boreal forest trees are impacted and improved by their associated microbiomes. Microbial gene expression and functional activity can be assayed with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data from host samples. In contrast, phylogenetic marker gene amplicon sequencing data are used to assess taxonomic composition and community structure of the microbiome. Few studies have considered how much of this structural and taxonomic information is included in transcriptomic data from matched samples. Here, we described fungal communities using both host-derived RNA-Seq and fungal ITS1 DNA amplicon sequencing to compare the outcomes between the methods. We used a panel of root and needle samples from the coniferous tree species
              Picea abies
              (Norway spruce) growing in untreated (nutrient-deficient) and nutrient-enriched plots at the Flakaliden forest research site in boreal northern Sweden. We show that the relationship between samples and alpha and beta diversity indicated by the fungal transcriptome is in agreement with that generated by the ITS data, while also identifying a lack of taxonomic overlap due to limitations imposed by current database coverage. Furthermore, we demonstrate how metatranscriptomics data additionally provide biologically informative functional insights. At the community level, there were changes in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions, while processing of organic macromolecules, including aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, was enriched in transcripts assigned to the genus
              Cortinarius
              .
            
            
              IMPORTANCE
              A deeper understanding of microbial communities associated with plants is revealing their importance for plant health and productivity. RNA extracted from plant field samples represents the host and other organisms present. Typically, gene expression studies focus on the plant component or, in a limited number of studies, expression in one or more associated organisms. However, metatranscriptomic data are rarely used for taxonomic profiling, which is currently performed using amplicon approaches. We created an assembly-based, reproducible, and hardware-agnostic workflow to taxonomically and functionally annotate fungal RNA-Seq data obtained from Norway spruce roots, which we compared to matching ITS amplicon sequencing data. While we identified some limitations and caveats, we show that functional, taxonomic, and compositional insights can all be obtained from RNA-Seq data. These findings highlight the potential of metatranscriptomics to advance our understanding of interaction, response, and effect between host plants and their associated microbial communities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {mSystems},
	author = {Schneider, Andreas N. and Sundh, John and Sundström, Görel and Richau, Kerstin and Delhomme, Nicolas and Grabherr, Manfred and Hurry, Vaughan and Street, Nathaniel R.},
	editor = {McClure, Ryan},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
}

A deeper understanding of microbial communities associated with plants is revealing their importance for plant health and productivity. RNA extracted from plant field samples represents the host and other organisms present. , ABSTRACT The health, growth, and fitness of boreal forest trees are impacted and improved by their associated microbiomes. Microbial gene expression and functional activity can be assayed with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data from host samples. In contrast, phylogenetic marker gene amplicon sequencing data are used to assess taxonomic composition and community structure of the microbiome. Few studies have considered how much of this structural and taxonomic information is included in transcriptomic data from matched samples. Here, we described fungal communities using both host-derived RNA-Seq and fungal ITS1 DNA amplicon sequencing to compare the outcomes between the methods. We used a panel of root and needle samples from the coniferous tree species Picea abies (Norway spruce) growing in untreated (nutrient-deficient) and nutrient-enriched plots at the Flakaliden forest research site in boreal northern Sweden. We show that the relationship between samples and alpha and beta diversity indicated by the fungal transcriptome is in agreement with that generated by the ITS data, while also identifying a lack of taxonomic overlap due to limitations imposed by current database coverage. Furthermore, we demonstrate how metatranscriptomics data additionally provide biologically informative functional insights. At the community level, there were changes in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions, while processing of organic macromolecules, including aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, was enriched in transcripts assigned to the genus Cortinarius . IMPORTANCE A deeper understanding of microbial communities associated with plants is revealing their importance for plant health and productivity. RNA extracted from plant field samples represents the host and other organisms present. Typically, gene expression studies focus on the plant component or, in a limited number of studies, expression in one or more associated organisms. However, metatranscriptomic data are rarely used for taxonomic profiling, which is currently performed using amplicon approaches. We created an assembly-based, reproducible, and hardware-agnostic workflow to taxonomically and functionally annotate fungal RNA-Seq data obtained from Norway spruce roots, which we compared to matching ITS amplicon sequencing data. While we identified some limitations and caveats, we show that functional, taxonomic, and compositional insights can all be obtained from RNA-Seq data. These findings highlight the potential of metatranscriptomics to advance our understanding of interaction, response, and effect between host plants and their associated microbial communities.

@article{gandla_overexpression_2021,
	title = {Overexpression of vesicle-associated membrane protein {PttVAP27}-17 as a tool to improve biomass production and the overall saccharification yields in {Populus} trees},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1754-6834},
	url = {https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-021-01895-0},
	doi = {10/gjd7kj},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Background
              Bioconversion of wood into bioproducts and biofuels is hindered by the recalcitrance of woody raw material to bioprocesses such as enzymatic saccharification. Targeted modification of the chemical composition of the feedstock can improve saccharification but this gain is often abrogated by concomitant reduction in tree growth.
            
            
              Results
              
                In this study, we report on transgenic hybrid aspen (
                Populus tremula
                ×
                tremuloides
                ) lines that showed potential to increase biomass production both in the greenhouse and after 5 years of growth in the field. The transgenic lines carried an overexpression construct for
                Populus tremula
                ×
                tremuloides
                vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein
                PttVAP27-17
                that was selected from a gene-mining program for novel regulators of wood formation. Analytical-scale enzymatic saccharification without any pretreatment revealed for all greenhouse-grown transgenic lines, compared to the wild type, a 20–44\% increase in the glucose yield per dry weight after enzymatic saccharification, even though it was statistically significant only for one line. The glucose yield after enzymatic saccharification with a prior hydrothermal pretreatment step with sulfuric acid was not increased in the greenhouse-grown transgenic trees on a dry-weight basis, but increased by 26–50\% when calculated on a whole biomass basis in comparison to the wild-type control. Tendencies to increased glucose yields by up to 24\% were present on a whole tree biomass basis after acidic pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification also in the transgenic trees grown for 5 years on the field when compared to the wild-type control.
              
            
            
              Conclusions
              The results demonstrate the usefulness of gene-mining programs to identify novel genes with the potential to improve biofuel production in tree biotechnology programs. Furthermore, multi-omic analyses, including transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, performed here provide a toolbox for future studies on the function of VAP27 proteins in plants.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Biotechnology for Biofuels},
	author = {Gandla, Madhavi Latha and Mähler, Niklas and Escamez, Sacha and Skotare, Tomas and Obudulu, Ogonna and Möller, Linus and Abreu, Ilka N. and Bygdell, Joakim and Hertzberg, Magnus and Hvidsten, Torgeir R. and Moritz, Thomas and Wingsle, Gunnar and Trygg, Johan and Tuominen, Hannele and Jönsson, Leif J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {43},
}

Abstract Background Bioconversion of wood into bioproducts and biofuels is hindered by the recalcitrance of woody raw material to bioprocesses such as enzymatic saccharification. Targeted modification of the chemical composition of the feedstock can improve saccharification but this gain is often abrogated by concomitant reduction in tree growth. Results In this study, we report on transgenic hybrid aspen ( Populus tremula × tremuloides ) lines that showed potential to increase biomass production both in the greenhouse and after 5 years of growth in the field. The transgenic lines carried an overexpression construct for Populus tremula × tremuloides vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein PttVAP27-17 that was selected from a gene-mining program for novel regulators of wood formation. Analytical-scale enzymatic saccharification without any pretreatment revealed for all greenhouse-grown transgenic lines, compared to the wild type, a 20–44% increase in the glucose yield per dry weight after enzymatic saccharification, even though it was statistically significant only for one line. The glucose yield after enzymatic saccharification with a prior hydrothermal pretreatment step with sulfuric acid was not increased in the greenhouse-grown transgenic trees on a dry-weight basis, but increased by 26–50% when calculated on a whole biomass basis in comparison to the wild-type control. Tendencies to increased glucose yields by up to 24% were present on a whole tree biomass basis after acidic pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification also in the transgenic trees grown for 5 years on the field when compared to the wild-type control. Conclusions The results demonstrate the usefulness of gene-mining programs to identify novel genes with the potential to improve biofuel production in tree biotechnology programs. Furthermore, multi-omic analyses, including transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, performed here provide a toolbox for future studies on the function of VAP27 proteins in plants.

@article{azeez_early_2021,
	title = {{EARLY} {BUD}-{BREAK} 1 and {EARLY} {BUD}-{BREAK} 3 control resumption of poplar growth after winter dormancy},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21449-0},
	doi = {10/gkcr78},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Bud-break is an economically and environmentally important process in trees and shrubs from boreal and temperate latitudes, but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that two previously reported transcription factors, EARLY BUD BREAK 1 (EBB1) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-Like (SVL) directly interact to control bud-break. EBB1 is a positive regulator of bud-break, whereas SVL is a negative regulator of bud-break. EBB1 directly and negatively regulates
              SVL
              expression. We further report the identification and characterization of the EBB3 gene. EBB3 is a temperature-responsive, epigenetically-regulated, positive regulator of bud-break that provides a direct link to activation of the cell cycle during bud-break. EBB3 is an AP2/ERF transcription factor that positively and directly regulates
              CYCLIND3.1
              gene. Our results reveal the architecture of a putative regulatory module that links temperature-mediated control of bud-break with activation of cell cycle.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Azeez, Abdul and Zhao, Yiru Chen and Singh, Rajesh Kumar and Yordanov, Yordan S. and Dash, Madhumita and Miskolczi, Pal and Stojkovič, Katja and Strauss, Steve H. and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P. and Busov, Victor B.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1123},
}

Abstract Bud-break is an economically and environmentally important process in trees and shrubs from boreal and temperate latitudes, but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that two previously reported transcription factors, EARLY BUD BREAK 1 (EBB1) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-Like (SVL) directly interact to control bud-break. EBB1 is a positive regulator of bud-break, whereas SVL is a negative regulator of bud-break. EBB1 directly and negatively regulates SVL expression. We further report the identification and characterization of the EBB3 gene. EBB3 is a temperature-responsive, epigenetically-regulated, positive regulator of bud-break that provides a direct link to activation of the cell cycle during bud-break. EBB3 is an AP2/ERF transcription factor that positively and directly regulates CYCLIND3.1 gene. Our results reveal the architecture of a putative regulatory module that links temperature-mediated control of bud-break with activation of cell cycle.

@article{shen_boptype_2021,
	title = {The {BOP}‐type co‐transcriptional regulator {NODULE} {ROOT1} promotes stem secondary growth of the tropical {Cannabaceae} tree \textit{{Parasponia} andersonii}},
	issn = {0960-7412, 1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tpj.15242},
	doi = {10/gjs436},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Shen, Defeng and Holmer, Rens and Kulikova, Olga and Mannapperuma, Chanaka and Street, Nathaniel R. and Yan, Zhichun and Maden, Thomas and Bu, Fengjiao and Zhang, Yuanyuan and Geurts, Rene and Magne, Kévin},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {tpj.15242},
}

@article{marhavy_histochemical_2021,
	title = {Histochemical {Staining} of {Suberin} in {Plant} {Roots}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2331-8325},
	url = {https://bio-protocol.org/e3904},
	doi = {10/gkcvgh},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {BIO-PROTOCOL},
	author = {Marhavy, Peter and Siddique, Shahid},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{henriksson_mycorrhizal_2021,
	title = {The mycorrhizal tragedy of the commons},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1461-023X, 1461-0248},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.13737},
	doi = {10/gkcr8h},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Henriksson, Nils and Franklin, Oskar and Tarvainen, Lasse and Marshall, John and Lundberg‐Felten, Judith and Eilertsen, Lill and Näsholm, Torgny},
	editor = {Selosse, Marc‐André},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1215--1224},
}

@article{gauchan_annulohypoxylon_2021,
	title = {Annulohypoxylon sp. strain {MUS1}, an endophytic fungus isolated from {Taxus} wallichiana {Zucc}., produces taxol and other bioactive metabolites},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2190-572X, 2190-5738},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13205-021-02693-z},
	doi = {10/gkcr8j},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {3 Biotech},
	author = {Gauchan, Dhurva Prasad and Vélëz, Heriberto and Acharya, Ashesh and Östman, Johnny R. and Lundén, Karl and Elfstrand, Malin and García-Gil, M. Rosario},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {152},
}

@article{woude_chemical_2021,
	title = {The chemical compound ‘{Heatin}’ stimulates hypocotyl elongation and interferes with the {Arabidopsis} {NIT1}‐subfamily of nitrilases},
	issn = {0960-7412, 1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tpj.15250},
	doi = {10/gkcr8m},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Woude, Lennard and Piotrowski, Markus and Klaasse, Gruson and Paulus, Judith K. and Krahn, Daniel and Ninck, Sabrina and Kaschani, Farnusch and Kaiser, Markus and Novák, Ondřej and Ljung, Karin and Bulder, Suzanne and Verk, Marcel and Snoek, Basten L. and Fiers, Martijn and Martin, Nathaniel I. and Hoorn, Renier A. L. and Robert, Stéphanie and Smeekens, Sjef and Zanten, Martijn},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {tpj.15250},
}

@article{yang_mirna_2021,
	title = {{miRNA} {Mediated} {Regulation} and {Interaction} between {Plants} and {Pathogens}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1422-0067},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/6/2913},
	doi = {10/gjjv65},
	abstract = {Plants have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms that enable them to respond to a wide range of pathogens. It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and NBS-LRR gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. Here we review recent findings regarding the roles of miRNA in plant defense, with a focus on the regulatory modes of miRNAs and their possible applications in breeding pathogen-resistance plants including crops and trees. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the role of miRNA in the arms race between hosts and pathogens, and the interaction between disease-related miRNAs and lncRNAs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
	author = {Yang, Xiaoqian and Zhang, Lichun and Yang, Yuzhang and Schmid, Markus and Wang, Yanwei},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2913},
}

Plants have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms that enable them to respond to a wide range of pathogens. It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and NBS-LRR gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. Here we review recent findings regarding the roles of miRNA in plant defense, with a focus on the regulatory modes of miRNAs and their possible applications in breeding pathogen-resistance plants including crops and trees. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the role of miRNA in the arms race between hosts and pathogens, and the interaction between disease-related miRNAs and lncRNAs.

@article{forsmark_anthropogenic_2021,
	title = {Anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment increased the efficiency of belowground biomass production in a boreal forest},
	volume = {155},
	issn = {00380717},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071721000262},
	doi = {10/gjdqgb},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
	author = {Forsmark, Benjamin and Nordin, Annika and Rosenstock, Nicholas P. and Wallander, Håkan and Gundale, Michael J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {108154},
}

@article{jonsson_mechanochemical_2021,
	title = {Mechanochemical feedback mediates tissue bending required for seedling emergence},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {09609822},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982220318364},
	doi = {10/ghtbgb},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Jonsson, Kristoffer and Lathe, Rahul S. and Kierzkowski, Daniel and Routier-Kierzkowska, Anne-Lise and Hamant, Olivier and Bhalerao, Rishikesh P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1154--1164.e3},
}

@article{siddique_mycobiomes_2021,
	title = {Mycobiomes of {Young} {Beech} {Trees} {Are} {Distinguished} by {Organ} {Rather} {Than} by {Habitat}, and {Community} {Analyses} {Suggest} {Competitive} {Interactions} {Among} {Twig} {Fungi}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.646302/full},
	doi = {10/gjrpd2},
	abstract = {Beech trees (
              Fagus sylvatica
              ) are prominent keystone species of great economic and environmental value for central Europe, hosting a diverse mycobiome. The composition of endophyte communities may depend on tree health, plant organ or tissue, and growth habitat. To evaluate mycobiome communalities at local scales, buds, and twigs were sampled from two young healthy mountain beech stands in Bavaria, Germany, four kilometers apart. With Illumina high-throughput sequencing, we found 113 fungal taxa from 0.7 million high-quality reads that mainly consisted of Ascomycota (52\%) and Basidiomycota (26\%) taxa. Significant correlations between richness and diversity indices were observed (
              p
              \< 0.05), and mycobiomes did not differ between habitats in the current study. Species richness and diversity were higher in twigs compared to spring buds, and the assemblages in twigs shared most similarities. Interaction network analyses revealed that twig-bound fungi shared similar numbers of (interaction) links with others, dominated by negative co-occurrences, suggesting that competitive exclusion may be the predominant ecological interaction in the highly connected twig mycobiome. Combining community and network analyses strengthened the evidence that plant organs may filter endophytic communities directly through colonization access and indirectly by facilitating competitive interactions between the fungi.},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	author = {Siddique, Abu Bakar and Biella, Paolo and Unterseher, Martin and Albrectsen, Benedicte Riber},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {646302},
}

Beech trees ( Fagus sylvatica ) are prominent keystone species of great economic and environmental value for central Europe, hosting a diverse mycobiome. The composition of endophyte communities may depend on tree health, plant organ or tissue, and growth habitat. To evaluate mycobiome communalities at local scales, buds, and twigs were sampled from two young healthy mountain beech stands in Bavaria, Germany, four kilometers apart. With Illumina high-throughput sequencing, we found 113 fungal taxa from 0.7 million high-quality reads that mainly consisted of Ascomycota (52%) and Basidiomycota (26%) taxa. Significant correlations between richness and diversity indices were observed ( p < 0.05), and mycobiomes did not differ between habitats in the current study. Species richness and diversity were higher in twigs compared to spring buds, and the assemblages in twigs shared most similarities. Interaction network analyses revealed that twig-bound fungi shared similar numbers of (interaction) links with others, dominated by negative co-occurrences, suggesting that competitive exclusion may be the predominant ecological interaction in the highly connected twig mycobiome. Combining community and network analyses strengthened the evidence that plant organs may filter endophytic communities directly through colonization access and indirectly by facilitating competitive interactions between the fungi.

@article{kloth_sli1_2021,
	title = {{SLI1} confers broad‐spectrum resistance to phloem‐feeding insects},
	issn = {0140-7791, 1365-3040},
	shorttitle = {{\textless}span style="font-variant},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.14064},
	doi = {10/gjzng9},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Plant, Cell \& Environment},
	author = {Kloth, Karen J. and Shah, Parth and Broekgaarden, Colette and Ström, Cecilia and Albrectsen, Benedicte R. and Dicke, Marcel},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {pce.14064},
}

@article{igamberdiev_pyrophosphate_2021,
	title = {Pyrophosphate as an alternative energy currency in plants},
	volume = {478},
	issn = {0264-6021, 1470-8728},
	url = {https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/478/8/1515/228429/Pyrophosphate-as-an-alternative-energy-currency-in},
	doi = {10/gj4qmj},
	abstract = {In the conditions of [Mg2+] elevation that occur, in particular, under low oxygen stress and are the consequence of the decrease in [ATP] and increase in [ADP] and [AMP], pyrophosphate (PPi) can function as an alternative energy currency in plant cells. In addition to its production by various metabolic pathways, PPi can be synthesized in the combined reactions of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) by so-called PK/PPDK substrate cycle, and in the reverse reaction of membrane-bound H+-pyrophosphatase, which uses the energy of electrochemical gradients generated on tonoplast and plasma membrane. The PPi can then be consumed in its active forms of MgPPi and Mg2PPi by PPi-utilizing enzymes, which require an elevated [Mg2+]. This ensures a continuous operation of glycolysis in the conditions of suppressed ATP synthesis, keeping metabolism energy efficient and less dependent on ATP.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Biochemical Journal},
	author = {Igamberdiev, Abir U. and Kleczkowski, Leszek A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1515--1524},
}

In the conditions of [Mg2+] elevation that occur, in particular, under low oxygen stress and are the consequence of the decrease in [ATP] and increase in [ADP] and [AMP], pyrophosphate (PPi) can function as an alternative energy currency in plant cells. In addition to its production by various metabolic pathways, PPi can be synthesized in the combined reactions of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) by so-called PK/PPDK substrate cycle, and in the reverse reaction of membrane-bound H+-pyrophosphatase, which uses the energy of electrochemical gradients generated on tonoplast and plasma membrane. The PPi can then be consumed in its active forms of MgPPi and Mg2PPi by PPi-utilizing enzymes, which require an elevated [Mg2+]. This ensures a continuous operation of glycolysis in the conditions of suppressed ATP synthesis, keeping metabolism energy efficient and less dependent on ATP.

@article{ahlinder_life_2021,
	title = {Life stage-specific inbreeding depression in long-lived {Pinaceae} species depends on population connectivity},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-88128-4},
	doi = {10/gj76wn},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Inbreeding depression (ID) is a fundamental selective pressure that shapes mating systems and population genetic structures in plants. Although it has been shown that ID varies over the life stages of shorter-lived plants, less is known about how the fitness effects of inbreeding vary across life stages in long-lived species. We conducted a literature survey in the
              Pinaceae
              , a tree family known to harbour some of the highest mutational loads ever reported. Using a meta-regression model, we investigated distributions of inbreeding depression over life stages, adjusting for effects of inbreeding levels and the genetic differentiation of populations within species. The final dataset contained 147 estimates of ID across life stages from 41 studies. 44 Fst estimates were collected from 40 peer-reviewed studies for the 18 species to aid genetic differentiation modelling. Partitioning species into fragmented and well-connected groups using Fst resulted in the best way (i.e. trade-off between high goodness-of-fit of the model to the data and reduced model complexity) to incorporate genetic connectivity in the meta-regression analysis. Inclusion of a life stage term and its interaction with the inbreeding coefficient (F) dramatically increased model precision. We observed that the correlation between ID and F was significant at the earliest life stage. Although partitioning of species populations into fragmented and well-connected groups explained little of the between-study heterogeneity, the inclusion of an interaction between life stage and population differentiation revealed that populations with fragmented distributions suffered lower inbreeding depression at early embryonic stages than species with well-connected populations. There was no evidence for increased ID in late life stages in well-connected populations, although ID tended to increase across life stages in the fragmented group. These findings suggest that life stage data should be included in inbreeding depression studies and that inbreeding needs to be managed over life stages in commercial populations of long-lived plants.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Ahlinder, Jon and Giles, Barbara E. and García-Gil, M. Rosario},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {8834},
}

Abstract Inbreeding depression (ID) is a fundamental selective pressure that shapes mating systems and population genetic structures in plants. Although it has been shown that ID varies over the life stages of shorter-lived plants, less is known about how the fitness effects of inbreeding vary across life stages in long-lived species. We conducted a literature survey in the Pinaceae , a tree family known to harbour some of the highest mutational loads ever reported. Using a meta-regression model, we investigated distributions of inbreeding depression over life stages, adjusting for effects of inbreeding levels and the genetic differentiation of populations within species. The final dataset contained 147 estimates of ID across life stages from 41 studies. 44 Fst estimates were collected from 40 peer-reviewed studies for the 18 species to aid genetic differentiation modelling. Partitioning species into fragmented and well-connected groups using Fst resulted in the best way (i.e. trade-off between high goodness-of-fit of the model to the data and reduced model complexity) to incorporate genetic connectivity in the meta-regression analysis. Inclusion of a life stage term and its interaction with the inbreeding coefficient (F) dramatically increased model precision. We observed that the correlation between ID and F was significant at the earliest life stage. Although partitioning of species populations into fragmented and well-connected groups explained little of the between-study heterogeneity, the inclusion of an interaction between life stage and population differentiation revealed that populations with fragmented distributions suffered lower inbreeding depression at early embryonic stages than species with well-connected populations. There was no evidence for increased ID in late life stages in well-connected populations, although ID tended to increase across life stages in the fragmented group. These findings suggest that life stage data should be included in inbreeding depression studies and that inbreeding needs to be managed over life stages in commercial populations of long-lived plants.

@article{jonasson_effect_2021,
	title = {The {Effect} of {High} {Lignin} {Content} on {Oxidative} {Nanofibrillation} of {Wood} {Cell} {Wall}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2079-4991},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/5/1179},
	doi = {10/gjznf2},
	abstract = {Wood from field-grown poplars with different genotypes and varying lignin content (17.4 wt \% to 30.0 wt \%) were subjected to one-pot 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl catalyzed oxidation and high-pressure homogenization in order to investigate nanofibrillation following simultaneous delignification and cellulose oxidation. When comparing low and high lignin wood it was found that the high lignin wood was more easily fibrillated as indicated by a higher nanofibril yield (68\% and 45\%) and suspension viscosity (27 and 15 mPa·s). The nanofibrils were monodisperse with diameter ranging between 1.2 and 2.0 nm as measured using atomic force microscopy. Slightly less cellulose oxidation (0.44 and 0.68 mmol·g−1) together with a reduced process yield (36\% and 44\%) was also found which showed that the removal of a larger amount of lignin increased the efficiency of the homogenization step despite slightly reduced oxidation of the nanofibril surfaces. The surface area of oxidized high lignin wood was also higher than low lignin wood (114 m2·g−1 and 76 m2·g−1) which implicates porosity as a factor that can influence cellulose nanofibril isolation from wood in a beneficial manner.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Nanomaterials},
	author = {Jonasson, Simon and Bünder, Anne and Berglund, Linn and Hertzberg, Magnus and Niittylä, Totte and Oksman, Kristiina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1179},
}

Wood from field-grown poplars with different genotypes and varying lignin content (17.4 wt % to 30.0 wt %) were subjected to one-pot 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl catalyzed oxidation and high-pressure homogenization in order to investigate nanofibrillation following simultaneous delignification and cellulose oxidation. When comparing low and high lignin wood it was found that the high lignin wood was more easily fibrillated as indicated by a higher nanofibril yield (68% and 45%) and suspension viscosity (27 and 15 mPa·s). The nanofibrils were monodisperse with diameter ranging between 1.2 and 2.0 nm as measured using atomic force microscopy. Slightly less cellulose oxidation (0.44 and 0.68 mmol·g−1) together with a reduced process yield (36% and 44%) was also found which showed that the removal of a larger amount of lignin increased the efficiency of the homogenization step despite slightly reduced oxidation of the nanofibril surfaces. The surface area of oxidized high lignin wood was also higher than low lignin wood (114 m2·g−1 and 76 m2·g−1) which implicates porosity as a factor that can influence cellulose nanofibril isolation from wood in a beneficial manner.

@article{nzayisenga_metabolomic_2021,
	title = {Metabolomic {Study} of {Heterotrophically} {Grown} {Chlorella} sp. {Isolated} from {Wastewater} in {Northern} {Sweden}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1420-3049},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2410},
	doi = {10/gj6zk8},
	abstract = {There are numerous strains of Chlorella with a corresponding variety of metabolic pathways. A strain we previously isolated from wastewater in northern Sweden can grow heterotrophically as well as autotrophically in light and has higher lipid contents under heterotrophic growth conditions. The aims of the present study were to characterize metabolic changes associated with the higher lipid contents in order to enhance our understanding of lipid production in microalgae and potentially identify new compounds with utility in sustainable development. Inter alia, the amino acids glutamine and lysine were 7-fold more abundant under heterotrophic conditions, the key metabolic intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glucose, and maltose was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glycerol than under autotrophic conditions. The metabolite 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, the direct precursor of the biodegradable plastic PHB (poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid), was also more abundant under heterotrophic conditions. Our metabolomic analysis has provided new insights into the alga’s lipid production pathways and identified metabolites with potential use in sustainable development, such as the production of renewable, biodegradable plastics, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals, with reduced pollution and improvements in both ecological and human health.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Molecules},
	author = {Nzayisenga, Jean Claude and Sellstedt, Anita},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2410},
}

There are numerous strains of Chlorella with a corresponding variety of metabolic pathways. A strain we previously isolated from wastewater in northern Sweden can grow heterotrophically as well as autotrophically in light and has higher lipid contents under heterotrophic growth conditions. The aims of the present study were to characterize metabolic changes associated with the higher lipid contents in order to enhance our understanding of lipid production in microalgae and potentially identify new compounds with utility in sustainable development. Inter alia, the amino acids glutamine and lysine were 7-fold more abundant under heterotrophic conditions, the key metabolic intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glucose, and maltose was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glycerol than under autotrophic conditions. The metabolite 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, the direct precursor of the biodegradable plastic PHB (poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid), was also more abundant under heterotrophic conditions. Our metabolomic analysis has provided new insights into the alga’s lipid production pathways and identified metabolites with potential use in sustainable development, such as the production of renewable, biodegradable plastics, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals, with reduced pollution and improvements in both ecological and human health.

@article{kohorn_effects_2021,
	title = {Effects of {Arabidopsis} wall associated kinase mutations on {ESMERALDA1} and elicitor induced {ROS}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251922},
	doi = {10/gkct4r},
	abstract = {Angiosperm cell adhesion is dependent on interactions between pectin polysaccharides which make up a significant portion of the plant cell wall. Cell adhesion in Arabidopsis may also be regulated through a pectin-related signaling cascade mediated by a putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMERALDA1 (ESMD1), and the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) domains of the pectin binding Wall associated Kinases (WAKs) are a primary candidate substrate for ESMD1 activity. Genetic interactions between WAKs and ESMD1 were examined using a dominant hyperactive allele of WAK2,
              WAK2cTAP
              , and a mutant of the putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMD1. WAK2cTAP expression results in a dwarf phenotype and activation of the stress response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while
              esmd1
              is a suppressor of a pectin deficiency induced loss of adhesion. Here we find that
              esmd1
              suppresses the WAK2cTAP dwarf and stress response phenotype, including ROS accumulation and gene expression. Additional analysis suggests that mutations of the potential WAK EGF O-fucosylation site also abate the WAK2cTAP phenotype, yet only evidence for an N-linked but not O-linked sugar addition can be found. Moreover, a
              WAK
              locus deletion allele has no effect on the ability of
              esmd1
              to suppress an adhesion deficiency, indicating WAKs and their modification are not a required component of the potential ESMD1 signaling mechanism involved in the control of cell adhesion. The WAK locus deletion does however affect the induction of ROS but not the transcriptional response induced by the elicitors Flagellin, Chitin and oligogalacturonides (OGs).},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Kohorn, Bruce D. and Greed, Bridgid E. and Mouille, Gregory and Verger, Stéphane and Kohorn, Susan L.},
	editor = {Zabotina, Olga A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {e0251922},
}

Angiosperm cell adhesion is dependent on interactions between pectin polysaccharides which make up a significant portion of the plant cell wall. Cell adhesion in Arabidopsis may also be regulated through a pectin-related signaling cascade mediated by a putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMERALDA1 (ESMD1), and the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) domains of the pectin binding Wall associated Kinases (WAKs) are a primary candidate substrate for ESMD1 activity. Genetic interactions between WAKs and ESMD1 were examined using a dominant hyperactive allele of WAK2, WAK2cTAP , and a mutant of the putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMD1. WAK2cTAP expression results in a dwarf phenotype and activation of the stress response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while esmd1 is a suppressor of a pectin deficiency induced loss of adhesion. Here we find that esmd1 suppresses the WAK2cTAP dwarf and stress response phenotype, including ROS accumulation and gene expression. Additional analysis suggests that mutations of the potential WAK EGF O-fucosylation site also abate the WAK2cTAP phenotype, yet only evidence for an N-linked but not O-linked sugar addition can be found. Moreover, a WAK locus deletion allele has no effect on the ability of esmd1 to suppress an adhesion deficiency, indicating WAKs and their modification are not a required component of the potential ESMD1 signaling mechanism involved in the control of cell adhesion. The WAK locus deletion does however affect the induction of ROS but not the transcriptional response induced by the elicitors Flagellin, Chitin and oligogalacturonides (OGs).

@article{majda_elongation_2021,
	title = {Elongation of wood fibers combines features of diffuse and tip growth},
	issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.17468},
	doi = {10/gj3qbx},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Majda, Mateusz and Kozlova, Liudmila and Banasiak, Alicja and Derba‐Maceluch, Marta and Iashchishyn, Igor A. and Morozova‐Roche, Ludmilla A. and Smith, Richard S. and Gorshkova, Tatyana and Mellerowicz, Ewa J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {nph.17468},
}

@article{ahmad_sucrose-dependent_2021,
	title = {Sucrose-dependent production of biomass and low-caloric steviol glycosides in adventitious root cultures of {Stevia} rebaudiana ({Bert}.)},
	volume = {164},
	issn = {09266690},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669021001461},
	doi = {10/gj6thz},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Industrial Crops and Products},
	author = {Ahmad, Naveed and Rab, Abdur and Sajid, Muhammad and Ahmad, Nisar and Fazal, Hina and Ali, Mohammad and Egertsdotter, Ulrika},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {113382},
}

@article{antoniadi_fluorescence_2021,
	title = {Fluorescence activated cell sorting—{A} selective tool for plant cell isolation and analysis},
	issn = {1552-4922, 1552-4930},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cyto.a.24461},
	doi = {10/gj6ncr},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Cytometry Part A},
	author = {Antoniadi, Ioanna and Skalický, Vladimír and Sun, Guiling and Ma, Wen and Galbraith, David W. and Novák, Ondřej and Ljung, Karin},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {cyto.a.24461},
}

@article{ranade_silico_2021,
	title = {In silico characterization of putative gene homologues involved in somatic embryogenesis suggests that some conifer species may lack {LEC2}, one of the key regulators of initiation of the process},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1471-2164},
	url = {https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-021-07718-8},
	doi = {10/gkbhh3},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Background
              Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the process in which somatic embryos develop from somatic tissue in vitro on medium in most cases supplemented with growth regulators. Knowledge of genes involved in regulation of initiation and of development of somatic embryos is crucial for application of SE as an efficient tool to enable genetic improvement across genotypes by clonal propagation.
            
            
              Results
              
                Current work presents in silico identification of putative homologues of central regulators of SE initiation and development in conifers focusing mainly on key transcription factors (TFs) e.g.
                BBM
                ,
                LEC1
                ,
                LEC1-LIKE, LEC2
                and
                FUSCA3
                , based on sequence similarity using BLASTP. Protein sequences of well-characterised candidates genes from
                Arabidopsis thaliana
                were used to query the databases (Gymno PLAZA, Congenie, GenBank) including whole-genome sequence data from two representative species from the genus
                Picea
                (
                Picea abies
                ) and
                Pinus
                (
                Pinus taeda
                ), for finding putative conifer homologues, using BLASTP. Identification of corresponding conifer proteins was further confirmed by domain search (Conserved Domain Database), alignment (MUSCLE) with respective sequences of
                Arabidopsis thaliana
                proteins and phylogenetic analysis (Phylogeny.fr).
              
            
            
              Conclusions
              
                This in silico analysis suggests absence of
                LEC2
                in
                Picea abies
                and
                Pinus taeda
                , the conifer species whose genomes have been sequenced. Based on available sequence data to date,
                LEC2
                was also not detected in the other conifer species included in the study.
                LEC2
                is one of the key TFs associated with initiation and regulation of the process of SE in angiosperms. Potential alternative mechanisms that might be functional in conifers to compensate the lack of
                LEC2
                are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {BMC Genomics},
	author = {Ranade, Sonali Sachin and Egertsdotter, Ulrika},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {392},
}

Abstract Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the process in which somatic embryos develop from somatic tissue in vitro on medium in most cases supplemented with growth regulators. Knowledge of genes involved in regulation of initiation and of development of somatic embryos is crucial for application of SE as an efficient tool to enable genetic improvement across genotypes by clonal propagation. Results Current work presents in silico identification of putative homologues of central regulators of SE initiation and development in conifers focusing mainly on key transcription factors (TFs) e.g. BBM , LEC1 , LEC1-LIKE, LEC2 and FUSCA3 , based on sequence similarity using BLASTP. Protein sequences of well-characterised candidates genes from Arabidopsis thaliana were used to query the databases (Gymno PLAZA, Congenie, GenBank) including whole-genome sequence data from two representative species from the genus Picea ( Picea abies ) and Pinus ( Pinus taeda ), for finding putative conifer homologues, using BLASTP. Identification of corresponding conifer proteins was further confirmed by domain search (Conserved Domain Database), alignment (MUSCLE) with respective sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and phylogenetic analysis (Phylogeny.fr). Conclusions This in silico analysis suggests absence of LEC2 in Picea abies and Pinus taeda , the conifer species whose genomes have been sequenced. Based on available sequence data to date, LEC2 was also not detected in the other conifer species included in the study. LEC2 is one of the key TFs associated with initiation and regulation of the process of SE in angiosperms. Potential alternative mechanisms that might be functional in conifers to compensate the lack of LEC2 are discussed.

@article{mboene_noah_dynamics_2021,
	title = {Dynamics of {Auxin} and {Cytokinin} {Metabolism} during {Early} {Root} and {Hypocotyl} {Growth} in {Theobroma} cacao},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2223-7747},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/5/967},
	doi = {10/gkcr5m},
	abstract = {The spatial location and timing of plant developmental events are largely regulated by the well balanced effects of auxin and cytokinin phytohormone interplay. Together with transport, localized metabolism regulates the concentration gradients of their bioactive forms, ultimately eliciting growth responses. In order to explore the dynamics of auxin and cytokinin metabolism during early seedling growth in Theobroma cacao (cacao), we have performed auxin and cytokinin metabolite profiling in hypocotyls and root developmental sections at different times by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Our work provides quantitative characterization of auxin and cytokinin metabolites throughout early root and hypocotyl development and identifies common and distinctive features of auxin and cytokinin metabolism during cacao seedling development.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Plants},
	author = {Mboene Noah, Alexandre and Casanova-Sáez, Rubén and Makondy Ango, Rolande Eugenie and Antoniadi, Ioanna and Karady, Michal and Novák, Ondřej and Niemenak, Nicolas and Ljung, Karin},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {967},
}

The spatial location and timing of plant developmental events are largely regulated by the well balanced effects of auxin and cytokinin phytohormone interplay. Together with transport, localized metabolism regulates the concentration gradients of their bioactive forms, ultimately eliciting growth responses. In order to explore the dynamics of auxin and cytokinin metabolism during early seedling growth in Theobroma cacao (cacao), we have performed auxin and cytokinin metabolite profiling in hypocotyls and root developmental sections at different times by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Our work provides quantitative characterization of auxin and cytokinin metabolites throughout early root and hypocotyl development and identifies common and distinctive features of auxin and cytokinin metabolism during cacao seedling development.

@article{pandey_epigenetic_2021,
	title = {Epigenetic {Regulation} of {Temperature} {Responses} – {Past} {Successes} and {Future} {Challenges}},
	issn = {0022-0957, 1460-2431},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jxb/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jxb/erab248/6288481},
	doi = {10/gkcr5k},
	abstract = {Abstract
            In contrast to animals, plants cannot avoid unfavorable temperature conditions. Instead, plants have evolved intricate signaling pathways that enable them to perceive and respond to temperature. General acclimation processes that prepare the plant to respond to stressful heat and cold, usually occur throughout the whole plant. More specific temperature responses, however, are limited to certain tissues or cell types. While global responses are amenable to epigenomic analyses, responses which are highly localized are more problematic as the chromatin in question is not easily accessible. Here we review the current knowledge of the epigenetic regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T as examples of temperature-responsive flowering time regulators that are expressed broadly throughout the plants and in specific cell types, respectively. While undoubtably extremely successful, we reason that future analyses would benefit from higher spatiotemporal resolution. We conclude by reviewing methods and successful applications of tissue- and cell type-specific epigenomic analyses and provide a brief outlook into the future, single-cell epigenomics.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-03},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
	author = {Pandey, Saurabh Prakash and Benstein, Ruben M and Wang, Yanwei and Schmid, Markus},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {erab248},
}

Abstract In contrast to animals, plants cannot avoid unfavorable temperature conditions. Instead, plants have evolved intricate signaling pathways that enable them to perceive and respond to temperature. General acclimation processes that prepare the plant to respond to stressful heat and cold, usually occur throughout the whole plant. More specific temperature responses, however, are limited to certain tissues or cell types. While global responses are amenable to epigenomic analyses, responses which are highly localized are more problematic as the chromatin in question is not easily accessible. Here we review the current knowledge of the epigenetic regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T as examples of temperature-responsive flowering time regulators that are expressed broadly throughout the plants and in specific cell types, respectively. While undoubtably extremely successful, we reason that future analyses would benefit from higher spatiotemporal resolution. We conclude by reviewing methods and successful applications of tissue- and cell type-specific epigenomic analyses and provide a brief outlook into the future, single-cell epigenomics.