@article{wu_study_1999,
	title = {Study of early selection in tree breeding. 2. {Advantage} of early selection through shortening the breeding cycle},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0037-5349},
	abstract = {Three main advantages from early selection in tree breeding
have been recognized: 1.) increased selection intensity or reduc-
ed field-testing size; 2.) shorter generation interval; and 3.)
genetic information from early testing can be used to enhance
selection efficiency at later ages. The second advantage is
obtained through quicker realisation of genetic gain or by
breeding several generations within a conventional breeding
cycle from mature selection. To quantify the second advantage
from early selection it is necessary to estimate genetic gain
from indirect selection over several generations. In this paper,
a method is derived to estimate genetic gain from several gen-
erations of early indirect selection and is used to study the
advantage of early selection through shortening the tree breed-
ing cycle relative to mature selection. The results show that
genetic variance, heritability and selection response for the cor-
related (mature) trait as well as genetic correlation between
directly selected (early) and correlated (mature) traits will
decline after each generation of selection. When the number of
generations approaches infinity, genetic variance, heritability
and selection response for the correlated trait and the genetic
correlation between directly selected and correlated traits each
approach corresponding limiting values under F ISHER’s infinite
genetic loci model. The reduction in genetic variance, heritabil-
ity and selection response for the correlated trait is slower than
the reduction of genetic variance for the trait under direct
selection. The method is applied to a lodgepole pine early selec-
tion study.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Silvae genetica},
	author = {Wu, H. X.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {78--83},
}

Three main advantages from early selection in tree breeding have been recognized: 1.) increased selection intensity or reduc- ed field-testing size; 2.) shorter generation interval; and 3.) genetic information from early testing can be used to enhance selection efficiency at later ages. The second advantage is obtained through quicker realisation of genetic gain or by breeding several generations within a conventional breeding cycle from mature selection. To quantify the second advantage from early selection it is necessary to estimate genetic gain from indirect selection over several generations. In this paper, a method is derived to estimate genetic gain from several gen- erations of early indirect selection and is used to study the advantage of early selection through shortening the tree breed- ing cycle relative to mature selection. The results show that genetic variance, heritability and selection response for the cor- related (mature) trait as well as genetic correlation between directly selected (early) and correlated (mature) traits will decline after each generation of selection. When the number of generations approaches infinity, genetic variance, heritability and selection response for the correlated trait and the genetic correlation between directly selected and correlated traits each approach corresponding limiting values under F ISHER’s infinite genetic loci model. The reduction in genetic variance, heritabil- ity and selection response for the correlated trait is slower than the reduction of genetic variance for the trait under direct selection. The method is applied to a lodgepole pine early selec- tion study.

@article{westin_apical_1999,
	title = {Apical mitotic activity and growth in clones of {Norway} spruce in relation to cold hardiness},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10/dgsxgs},
	abstract = {Seasonal development of apical mitotic activity and growth in three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of the same age and origin but with differences in accumulated height growth and cold hardiness were investigated. The clones showed no consistent difference in mitotic index (MI), either in period or in general levels. The response of MI to temperature differed in spring and fall. Differences in cold hardiness between the clones was not directly coupled to differences in MI. Diameter growth ended earlier in one clone than in the other two clones, and this clone also produced lower numbers of stem units in both lateral and leader shoots. Cessation of diameter growth showed no relation to the duration and level of apical MI. The tallest clone had, as a combined effect of both size and number of stem units, significantly longer leader shoots than the other two clones. The greater leader shoot growth of the tallest clone relative to the other two clones during 1987-1996 was also most prominent after years with sudden drops in fall minimum temperatures to below ca. -12°C (median; interval: -11 to -13°C), following several weeks with mean temperatures above 3°C.},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Westin, Johan and Sundblad, Lars and Strand, Martin and Hällgren, Jan},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {40--46},
}

Seasonal development of apical mitotic activity and growth in three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of the same age and origin but with differences in accumulated height growth and cold hardiness were investigated. The clones showed no consistent difference in mitotic index (MI), either in period or in general levels. The response of MI to temperature differed in spring and fall. Differences in cold hardiness between the clones was not directly coupled to differences in MI. Diameter growth ended earlier in one clone than in the other two clones, and this clone also produced lower numbers of stem units in both lateral and leader shoots. Cessation of diameter growth showed no relation to the duration and level of apical MI. The tallest clone had, as a combined effect of both size and number of stem units, significantly longer leader shoots than the other two clones. The greater leader shoot growth of the tallest clone relative to the other two clones during 1987-1996 was also most prominent after years with sudden drops in fall minimum temperatures to below ca. -12°C (median; interval: -11 to -13°C), following several weeks with mean temperatures above 3°C.

@article{schmid_programmed_1999,
	title = {Programmed cell death in castor bean endosperm is associated with the accumulation and release of a cysteine endopeptidase from ricinosomes},
	volume = {96},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999, The National Academy of Sciences},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/96/24/14159},
	doi = {10/fwpzcr},
	abstract = {The cells of the endosperm of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis) undergo programmed cell death during germination, after their oil and protein reserves have been mobilized. Nuclear DNA fragmentation first was observed at day 3 in the endosperm cells immediately adjacent to the cotyledons and progressed across to the outermost cell layers by day 5. We also detected the accumulation of small organelles known as ricinosomes, by using an antibody against a cysteine endoprotease. By the time the nuclear DNA was susceptible to heavy label by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, the ricinosomes had released into the cytoplasm their content of cysteine endoprotease, which became activated because of the cleavage of its propeptide. The cysteine endoprotease is distinguished by a C-terminal KDEL sequence, although it is not retained in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and is a marker for ricinosomes. Homologous proteases are found in the senescing tissues of other plants, including the petals of the daylily. Ricinosomes were identified in this tissue by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. It seems that ricinosomes are not unique to Ricinus and play an important role in the degradation of plant cell contents during programmed cell death.},
	language = {en},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Schmid, Markus and Simpson, David and Gietl, Christine},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10570215},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {Apoptosis, Castor Bean, Cell Nucleus, Cysteine Endopeptidases, DNA Fragmentation, DNA, Plant, Germination, Hemerocallis sp., In Situ Hybridization, Organelles, Plants, Toxic, Ricinus communis, Seeds, papain-type KDEL peptidase},
	pages = {14159--14164},
}

The cells of the endosperm of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis) undergo programmed cell death during germination, after their oil and protein reserves have been mobilized. Nuclear DNA fragmentation first was observed at day 3 in the endosperm cells immediately adjacent to the cotyledons and progressed across to the outermost cell layers by day 5. We also detected the accumulation of small organelles known as ricinosomes, by using an antibody against a cysteine endoprotease. By the time the nuclear DNA was susceptible to heavy label by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, the ricinosomes had released into the cytoplasm their content of cysteine endoprotease, which became activated because of the cleavage of its propeptide. The cysteine endoprotease is distinguished by a C-terminal KDEL sequence, although it is not retained in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and is a marker for ricinosomes. Homologous proteases are found in the senescing tissues of other plants, including the petals of the daylily. Ricinosomes were identified in this tissue by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. It seems that ricinosomes are not unique to Ricinus and play an important role in the degradation of plant cell contents during programmed cell death.

@article{park_expression_1999,
	title = {Expression of the {isiA} gene is essential for the survival of the cyanobacterium {Synechococcus} sp. {PCC} 7942 by protecting photosystem {II} from excess light under iron limitation},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1365-2958},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01332.x},
	doi = {10/d4gv2c},
	abstract = {Iron deficiency is known to suppress primary productivity in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. In response to iron deficiency, certain cyanobacteria induce a chlorophyll (Chl)–protein complex, CP43′, which is encoded by the isiA gene. The deduced amino-acid sequence of CP43′ predicts some structural similarity to the CP43 polypeptide of photosystem II, but the function of CP43′ remains uncertain. In order to assess its physiological role, the isiA gene of a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, was inactivated by insertion mutagenesis (giving isiA− cells). Compared with isiA− cells, under iron deprivation, wild-type cells showed both lower rates of photosystem II-mediated O2 evolution at limiting light irradiances and decreased yields of room temperature Chl fluorescence at various irradiances. These observations strongly suggest that the decreased photosystem II activity in wild-type cells with CP43′ is attributable to increased non-radiative dissipation of light energy. In agreement with this hypothesis, isiA− cells were more susceptible to photoinhibition of photosynthesis than wild-type cells, resulting in much slower growth rates under iron limitation. Based on these results, we suggest that CP43′ functions as a non-radiative dissipator of light energy, thus protecting photosystem II from excessive excitation under iron-deficient conditions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Molecular Microbiology},
	author = {Park, Youn-Il and Sandström, Stefan and Gustafsson, Petter and Öquist, Gunnar},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01332.x},
	pages = {123--129},
}

Iron deficiency is known to suppress primary productivity in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. In response to iron deficiency, certain cyanobacteria induce a chlorophyll (Chl)–protein complex, CP43′, which is encoded by the isiA gene. The deduced amino-acid sequence of CP43′ predicts some structural similarity to the CP43 polypeptide of photosystem II, but the function of CP43′ remains uncertain. In order to assess its physiological role, the isiA gene of a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, was inactivated by insertion mutagenesis (giving isiA− cells). Compared with isiA− cells, under iron deprivation, wild-type cells showed both lower rates of photosystem II-mediated O2 evolution at limiting light irradiances and decreased yields of room temperature Chl fluorescence at various irradiances. These observations strongly suggest that the decreased photosystem II activity in wild-type cells with CP43′ is attributable to increased non-radiative dissipation of light energy. In agreement with this hypothesis, isiA− cells were more susceptible to photoinhibition of photosynthesis than wild-type cells, resulting in much slower growth rates under iron limitation. Based on these results, we suggest that CP43′ functions as a non-radiative dissipator of light energy, thus protecting photosystem II from excessive excitation under iron-deficient conditions.

@article{kleczkowski_phosphoglycerate_1999,
	title = {A phosphoglycerate to inorganic phosphate ratio is the major factor in controlling starch levels in chloroplasts via {ADP}-glucose pyrophosphorylase regulation},
	volume = {448},
	copyright = {FEBS Letters 448 (1999) 1873-3468 © 2015 Federation of European Biochemical Societies},
	issn = {1873-3468},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0014-5793%2899%2900346-4},
	doi = {10/cvszx8},
	abstract = {Purified barley leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme of the starch synthesis in the chloroplast stroma, was analysed with respect to its possible regulation by factors defining the metabolic/effector status of the chloroplast during light and dark conditions. The enzyme required 3-phosphoglyceric acid for the maximal activity and was inhibited by inorganic phosphate. The optimal pH for the enzyme was at circa 7.0, regardless of the presence or absence of 3-phosphoglyceric acid, whereas the maximal activation by 3-phosphoglyceric acid was observed at pH 8.5 and higher. Changes in the concentration of Mg2+ and dithiothreitol had little or no effect on the enzymatic activity of AGPase. It has been directly demonstrated for the first time that a 3-phosphoglyceric acid/inorganic phosphate ratio, a crucial regulatory parameter, could be directly related to a defined activation state of the enzyme, allowing the prediction of a relative AGPase activity under given conditions. The predicted changes in the enzyme activity were directly correlated with earlier reported responses of starch levels to the 3-phosphoglyceric acid/inorganic phosphate ratio in chloroplasts. Consequences of this for the starch biosynthesis are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {FEBS Letters},
	author = {Kleczkowski, Leszek A},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0014-5793\%2899\%2900346-4},
	keywords = {Allosteric effector, Light regulation, Photosynthesis, Starch synthesis},
	pages = {153--156},
}

Purified barley leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme of the starch synthesis in the chloroplast stroma, was analysed with respect to its possible regulation by factors defining the metabolic/effector status of the chloroplast during light and dark conditions. The enzyme required 3-phosphoglyceric acid for the maximal activity and was inhibited by inorganic phosphate. The optimal pH for the enzyme was at circa 7.0, regardless of the presence or absence of 3-phosphoglyceric acid, whereas the maximal activation by 3-phosphoglyceric acid was observed at pH 8.5 and higher. Changes in the concentration of Mg2+ and dithiothreitol had little or no effect on the enzymatic activity of AGPase. It has been directly demonstrated for the first time that a 3-phosphoglyceric acid/inorganic phosphate ratio, a crucial regulatory parameter, could be directly related to a defined activation state of the enzyme, allowing the prediction of a relative AGPase activity under given conditions. The predicted changes in the enzyme activity were directly correlated with earlier reported responses of starch levels to the 3-phosphoglyceric acid/inorganic phosphate ratio in chloroplasts. Consequences of this for the starch biosynthesis are discussed.

@article{marchant_aux1_1999,
	title = {{AUX1} regulates root gravitropism in {Arabidopsis} by facilitating auxin uptake within root apical tissues.},
	volume = {18},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC1171291/},
	doi = {10/fwb8vf},
	abstract = {Plants employ a specialized transport system composed of separate influx and efflux carriers to mobilize the plant hormone auxin between its site(s) of synthesis and action. Mutations within the permease-like AUX1 protein significantly reduce the rate ...},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {The EMBO Journal},
	author = {Marchant, A. and Kargul, J. and May, S. T. and Muller, P. and Delbarre, A. and Perrot-Rechenmann, C. and Bennett, M. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10205161},
	note = {Publisher: European Molecular Biology Organization},
	pages = {2066},
}

Plants employ a specialized transport system composed of separate influx and efflux carriers to mobilize the plant hormone auxin between its site(s) of synthesis and action. Mutations within the permease-like AUX1 protein significantly reduce the rate ...

@article{geladi_calibration_1999,
	title = {Calibration {Transfer} for {Predicting} {Lake}-{Water} {pH} from near {Infrared} {Spectra} of {Lake} {Sediments}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {0967-0335},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.256},
	doi = {10/dvdpjj},
	abstract = {With near infrared spectra of lake sediment samples, it is possible to predict lake-water pH using a partial least squares (PLS) calibration model. The calibration models have large model and prediction residuals and it is important to understand the residuals. All the sediment samples were measured on five different instruments. This allows the use of each of the five instruments as master with the other four as field instruments. When using more than one near infrared instrument, prediction becomes unreliable unless calibration transfer is used. A number of techniques including Savitzky–Golay Transform (SGT), finite impulse response (FIR), piecewise direct standardisation (PDS), orthogonal scatter correction (OSC) and wavelet transform (WT) were compared. The quality of the predictions was expressed as root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), but the calibration transfer methods were also compared on practical usefulness. In these data, the OSC filtering worked best and gave adequate calibration transfer results.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy},
	author = {Geladi, Paul and Bärring, Hans and Dåbakk, Eigil and Trygg, Johan and Antti, Henrik and Wold, Svante and Karlberg, Bo},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
	keywords = {Savitzky–Golay smoothing, calibration transfer, environmental samples, finite impulse response, orthogonal signal correction, piecewise direct standardisation, wavelet transformation},
	pages = {251--264},
}

With near infrared spectra of lake sediment samples, it is possible to predict lake-water pH using a partial least squares (PLS) calibration model. The calibration models have large model and prediction residuals and it is important to understand the residuals. All the sediment samples were measured on five different instruments. This allows the use of each of the five instruments as master with the other four as field instruments. When using more than one near infrared instrument, prediction becomes unreliable unless calibration transfer is used. A number of techniques including Savitzky–Golay Transform (SGT), finite impulse response (FIR), piecewise direct standardisation (PDS), orthogonal scatter correction (OSC) and wavelet transform (WT) were compared. The quality of the predictions was expressed as root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), but the calibration transfer methods were also compared on practical usefulness. In these data, the OSC filtering worked best and gave adequate calibration transfer results.

@article{quist_responses_1999,
	title = {Responses of a {Nitrogen}-{Saturated} {Forest} to a {Sharp} {Decrease} in {Nitrogen} {Input}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1537-2537},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060037x},
	doi = {10/d2bp9k},
	abstract = {The reversibility of induced N saturation was investigated in a 46-yr-old pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden. Ammonium nitrate has been applied annually since 1971 to plots (30 by 30 m) at average dosages of 36 (N1), 72 (N2), and 108 (N3) kg N ha−1 yr−1, with or without P and K addition (background N deposition is {\textless}4 kg ha−1 yr−1). In 1990, after two decades of treatment, the largest N application (N3) was suspended, while N1 and N2 still received ammonium nitrate applications. Seven years after the last application in N3, the N availability measured as N concentration in plants [pine roots and needles and in leaves of the grass Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.] and activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase in leaves of D. flexuosa, and 15N uptake by excised pine roots, was at the same levels as in N1, although more than twice the amount of N has been applied in total to N3. The arginine concentrations in pine needles, concentrations of exchangeable mineral N in the organic layer, and the uppermost 20 cm of the mineral soil were at the same levels as in the control plots. Thus, an experimentally induced N excess was, according to these measurements, to a high degree reversed 7 yr after the last N application. However, the composition of the understory vegetation still differed markedly from the untreated control 8 yr after the last N3 application.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality},
	author = {Quist, Maud E. and Näsholm, Torgny and Lindeberg, Johan and Johannisson, Christian and Högbom, Lars and Högberg, Peter},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060037x},
	pages = {1970--1977},
}

The reversibility of induced N saturation was investigated in a 46-yr-old pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden. Ammonium nitrate has been applied annually since 1971 to plots (30 by 30 m) at average dosages of 36 (N1), 72 (N2), and 108 (N3) kg N ha−1 yr−1, with or without P and K addition (background N deposition is \textless4 kg ha−1 yr−1). In 1990, after two decades of treatment, the largest N application (N3) was suspended, while N1 and N2 still received ammonium nitrate applications. Seven years after the last application in N3, the N availability measured as N concentration in plants [pine roots and needles and in leaves of the grass Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.] and activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase in leaves of D. flexuosa, and 15N uptake by excised pine roots, was at the same levels as in N1, although more than twice the amount of N has been applied in total to N3. The arginine concentrations in pine needles, concentrations of exchangeable mineral N in the organic layer, and the uppermost 20 cm of the mineral soil were at the same levels as in the control plots. Thus, an experimentally induced N excess was, according to these measurements, to a high degree reversed 7 yr after the last N application. However, the composition of the understory vegetation still differed markedly from the untreated control 8 yr after the last N3 application.

@article{pical_salinity_1999,
	title = {Salinity and {Hyperosmotic} {Stress} {Induce} {Rapid} {Increases} in {Phosphatidylinositol} 4,5-{Bisphosphate}, {Diacylglycerol} {Pyrophosphate}, and {Phosphatidylcholine} in {Arabidopsis} thaliana {Cells}*},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0021-9258},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925819530186},
	doi = {10/dxp2v5},
	abstract = {In animal cells, phosphoinositides are key components of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/diacylglycerol-based signaling pathway, but also have many other cellular functions. These lipids are also believed to fulfill similar functions in plant cells, although many details concerning the components of a plant phosphoinositide system, and their regulation are still missing. Only recently have the different phosphoinositide isomers been unambiguously identified in plant cells. Another problem that hinders the study of the function of phosphoinositides and their derivatives, as well as the regulation of their metabolism, in plant cells is the need for a homogenous, easily obtainable material, from which the extraction and purification of phospholipids is relatively easy and quantitatively reproducible. We present here a thorough characterization of the phospholipids purified from [32P]orthophosphate- and myo-[2-3H]inositol-radiolabeledArabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells. We then show that NaCl treatment induces dramatic increases in the levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate and also affects the turnover of phosphatidylcholine. The increase in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was also observed with a non-ionic hyperosmotic shock. In contrast, the increase in diacylglycerol pyrophosphate and the turnover of phosphatidylcholine were relatively specific to salt treatments as only minor changes in the metabolism of these two phospholipids were detected when the cells were treated with sorbitol instead of NaCl.},
	language = {en},
	number = {53},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
	author = {Pical, Christophe and Westergren, Tomas and Dove, Stephen K. and Larsson, Christer and Sommarin, Marianne},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {38232--38240},
}

In animal cells, phosphoinositides are key components of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/diacylglycerol-based signaling pathway, but also have many other cellular functions. These lipids are also believed to fulfill similar functions in plant cells, although many details concerning the components of a plant phosphoinositide system, and their regulation are still missing. Only recently have the different phosphoinositide isomers been unambiguously identified in plant cells. Another problem that hinders the study of the function of phosphoinositides and their derivatives, as well as the regulation of their metabolism, in plant cells is the need for a homogenous, easily obtainable material, from which the extraction and purification of phospholipids is relatively easy and quantitatively reproducible. We present here a thorough characterization of the phospholipids purified from [32P]orthophosphate- and myo-[2-3H]inositol-radiolabeledArabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells. We then show that NaCl treatment induces dramatic increases in the levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate and also affects the turnover of phosphatidylcholine. The increase in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was also observed with a non-ionic hyperosmotic shock. In contrast, the increase in diacylglycerol pyrophosphate and the turnover of phosphatidylcholine were relatively specific to salt treatments as only minor changes in the metabolism of these two phospholipids were detected when the cells were treated with sorbitol instead of NaCl.

@article{park_role_1999,
	title = {Role of a novel photosystem {II}-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in {Chlamydomonas} reinhardtii},
	volume = {444},
	copyright = {FEBS Letters 444 (1999) 1873-3468 © 2015 Federation of European Biochemical Societies},
	issn = {1873-3468},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0014-5793%2899%2900037-X},
	doi = {10/b69gfn},
	abstract = {Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular α-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {FEBS Letters},
	author = {Park, Youn-Il and Karlsson, Jan and Rojdestvenski, Igor and Pronina, Natalia and Klimov, Viacheslav and Öquist, Gunnar and Samuelsson, Göran},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0014-5793\%2899\%2900037-X},
	keywords = {Carbon concentration mechanism, Carbonic anhydrase, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Photosystem II},
	pages = {102--105},
}

Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular α-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation.

@article{ingvarsson_kin-structured_1999,
	title = {Kin-{Structured} {Colonization} and {Small}-{Scale} {Genetic} {Differentiation} in {Silene} {Dioica}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb03795.x},
	doi = {10/gn2mht},
	abstract = {We investigated the genetic structure of a single island population of the dioecious plant Silene dioica in the Skeppsvik Archipelago, Umeå, Sweden. The population is less than 10 years old and consists of approximately 700 individuals growing within an area of about 200 m2. Despite the small scale of the study, levels of genetic differentiation among contiguous patches are greater than or comparable to what is observed over larger scales in the archipelago. The results suggest that the small-scale structuring occurs during population expansion, soon after island colonization, and that the observed patterns of genetic differentiation can be attributed to the population being substructured into family groups. This family structure results from kin-structured dispersal processes (colonization and migration) as the population expands over the island. As plant densities increase over time, either spatial fusion or temporal fusion of patches reduce the among patch variation. These processes, however, do not completely eradicate the genetic differentiation established by the kin-structured dispersal processes. We discuss some implications of kin structuring for evolution through either kin or interdemic selection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ingvarsson, Par K. and Giles, Barbara E.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb03795.x},
	keywords = {Colonization, Silene dioica, genetic differentiation, kin structure, migration},
	pages = {605--611},
}

We investigated the genetic structure of a single island population of the dioecious plant Silene dioica in the Skeppsvik Archipelago, Umeå, Sweden. The population is less than 10 years old and consists of approximately 700 individuals growing within an area of about 200 m2. Despite the small scale of the study, levels of genetic differentiation among contiguous patches are greater than or comparable to what is observed over larger scales in the archipelago. The results suggest that the small-scale structuring occurs during population expansion, soon after island colonization, and that the observed patterns of genetic differentiation can be attributed to the population being substructured into family groups. This family structure results from kin-structured dispersal processes (colonization and migration) as the population expands over the island. As plant densities increase over time, either spatial fusion or temporal fusion of patches reduce the among patch variation. These processes, however, do not completely eradicate the genetic differentiation established by the kin-structured dispersal processes. We discuss some implications of kin structuring for evolution through either kin or interdemic selection.

@article{wlngsle_low_1999,
	title = {Low {Temperature}, {High} {Light} {Stress} and {Antioxidant} {Defence} {Mechanisms} in {Higher} {Plants}},
	volume = {39},
	abstract = {WlNGSLE G., KARPINSKI S. \& HÄLLGREN J.-E. 1999. Low temperature, high light stress and antioxidant defence mechanisms in higher plants. -Phyton (Horn, Austria) 39 (4): (253) -(268). In different plant species, different strategies have evolved to acclimate to low-temperature and high-light stress. The emphasis of this review will be to discuss the following topics of low-temperature and high-light stress 1) the evidence for involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) 2) the roles of enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROI-scavenging and antioxidant systems 3) the avoidance mechanisms of ROI production in chloroplast. To increase the understanding of the oxidative-stress responses induced, for example, by low temperatures in plants, we have to pinpoint the subcellular compartments and processes, which initiate the specific signalling cascades.},
	journal = {Phyton - Annales Rei Botanicae},
	author = {Wlngsle, G and Karpinski, Stanislaw and Hällgren, Jan},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
}

WlNGSLE G., KARPINSKI S. & HÄLLGREN J.-E. 1999. Low temperature, high light stress and antioxidant defence mechanisms in higher plants. -Phyton (Horn, Austria) 39 (4): (253) -(268). In different plant species, different strategies have evolved to acclimate to low-temperature and high-light stress. The emphasis of this review will be to discuss the following topics of low-temperature and high-light stress 1) the evidence for involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) 2) the roles of enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROI-scavenging and antioxidant systems 3) the avoidance mechanisms of ROI production in chloroplast. To increase the understanding of the oxidative-stress responses induced, for example, by low temperatures in plants, we have to pinpoint the subcellular compartments and processes, which initiate the specific signalling cascades.

@article{kotilainen_geg_1999,
	title = {{GEG} {Participates} in the {Regulation} of {Cell} and {Organ} {Shape} during {Corolla} and {Carpel} {Development} in {Gerbera} hybrida},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1040-4651},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.11.6.1093},
	doi = {10/btz8f4},
	abstract = {The molecular mechanisms that control organ shape during flower development are largely unknown. By using differential hybridization techniques, a cDNA designated GEG (for Gerbera hybrida homolog of the gibberellin [GA]–stimulated transcript 1 [GAST1] from tomato) was isolated from a library representing late stages of corolla development in Gerbera. GEG expression was detected in corollas and carpels, with expression spatiotemporally coinciding with flower opening. In corollas and styles, GEG expression is temporally correlated with the cessation of longitudinal cell expansion. In plants constitutively expressing GEG, reduced corolla lengths and carpels with shortened and radially expanded stylar parts were found, with concomitant reduction of longitudinal cell expansion in these organs. In addition, in styles, an increase in radial cell expansion was detected. Taken together, these observations indicate a regulatory role for the GEG gene product in determining the shape of the corolla and carpel. The deduced amino acid sequence of the GEG gene product shares high similarity with previously characterized putative cell wall proteins encoded by GA-inducible genes, namely, GAST1, GIP (for GA-induced gene of petunia), and the GASA (for GA-stimulated in Arabidopsis) gene family. Our studies suggest that GEG, the expression of which can also be induced by application of GA3, plays a role in phytohormone-mediated cell expansion.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {The Plant Cell},
	author = {Kotilainen, Mika and Helariutta, Yrjö and Mehto, Merja and Pöllänen, Eija and Albert, Victor A. and Elomaa, Paula and Teeri, Teemu H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1093--1104},
}

The molecular mechanisms that control organ shape during flower development are largely unknown. By using differential hybridization techniques, a cDNA designated GEG (for Gerbera hybrida homolog of the gibberellin [GA]–stimulated transcript 1 [GAST1] from tomato) was isolated from a library representing late stages of corolla development in Gerbera. GEG expression was detected in corollas and carpels, with expression spatiotemporally coinciding with flower opening. In corollas and styles, GEG expression is temporally correlated with the cessation of longitudinal cell expansion. In plants constitutively expressing GEG, reduced corolla lengths and carpels with shortened and radially expanded stylar parts were found, with concomitant reduction of longitudinal cell expansion in these organs. In addition, in styles, an increase in radial cell expansion was detected. Taken together, these observations indicate a regulatory role for the GEG gene product in determining the shape of the corolla and carpel. The deduced amino acid sequence of the GEG gene product shares high similarity with previously characterized putative cell wall proteins encoded by GA-inducible genes, namely, GAST1, GIP (for GA-induced gene of petunia), and the GASA (for GA-stimulated in Arabidopsis) gene family. Our studies suggest that GEG, the expression of which can also be induced by application of GA3, plays a role in phytohormone-mediated cell expansion.

@article{luo_expression_1999,
	title = {Expression of barley {ADP}-glucose pyrophosphorylase in {Escherichia} coli: processing and regulatory considerations},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0031-9422},
	shorttitle = {Expression of barley {ADP}-glucose pyrophosphorylase in {Escherichia} coli},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942298004725},
	doi = {10/dck4r3},
	abstract = {Full length cDNAs for barley ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) coding for the large subunits of the endosperm and leaf homologues of the enzyme (AGPase-S1 and -S2, respectively) and for the small subunit protein from endosperm (AGPase-B1), have been expressed in Escherichia coli. The cDNAs for AGPase-S1 and -S2 required different induction conditions for their maximal expression and they encoded immunologically distinct proteins. The AGPase-S1 that was produced by E. coli had the same Mr (58 kDa) as the corresponding protein in barley crude endosperm extracts, whereas the bacteria-produced AGPase-S2 (55 kDa) was larger than its counterpart from barley leaf preparations (53 kDa). An enzymatically active AGPase expressed in E. coli from a double construct containing cDNAs for AGPase-S1 and -B1 subunits was insensitive to the activation by 3-phosphoglycerate and to inhibition by inorganic phosphate, similarly to the enzyme in barley endosperm. Neither AGPase-S1 nor -B1 were active when expressed alone in the bacteria. The data are discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of intracellular targeting of immature AGPase-S proteins in barley tissues and regarding previous data on effector regulation of the barley enzyme.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	author = {Luo, Cheng and Kleczkowski, Leszek A},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Barley, Heterologous expression, Starch synthesis, Transit peptide},
	pages = {209--214},
}

Full length cDNAs for barley ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) coding for the large subunits of the endosperm and leaf homologues of the enzyme (AGPase-S1 and -S2, respectively) and for the small subunit protein from endosperm (AGPase-B1), have been expressed in Escherichia coli. The cDNAs for AGPase-S1 and -S2 required different induction conditions for their maximal expression and they encoded immunologically distinct proteins. The AGPase-S1 that was produced by E. coli had the same Mr (58 kDa) as the corresponding protein in barley crude endosperm extracts, whereas the bacteria-produced AGPase-S2 (55 kDa) was larger than its counterpart from barley leaf preparations (53 kDa). An enzymatically active AGPase expressed in E. coli from a double construct containing cDNAs for AGPase-S1 and -B1 subunits was insensitive to the activation by 3-phosphoglycerate and to inhibition by inorganic phosphate, similarly to the enzyme in barley endosperm. Neither AGPase-S1 nor -B1 were active when expressed alone in the bacteria. The data are discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of intracellular targeting of immature AGPase-S proteins in barley tissues and regarding previous data on effector regulation of the barley enzyme.

@article{strauss_forest_1999,
	title = {Forest biotechnology makes its position known},
	volume = {17},
	copyright = {1999 Nature America Inc.},
	issn = {1546-1696},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1299_1145},
	doi = {10/dtjc6g},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Nature Biotechnology},
	author = {Strauss, Steven and Boerjan, Wout and Cairney, John and Campbell, Malcolm and Dean, Jeffrey and Ellis, David and Jouanin, Lise and Sundberg, Björn},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a
Cg\_type: Nature Research Journals
Number: 12
Primary\_atype: Comments \& Opinion
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Bioinformatics, Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology, Biomedicine, Biotechnology, Life Sciences, general},
	pages = {1145--1145},
}

@article{f_cloning_1999,
	title = {Cloning of a {cDNA} encoding soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase from cambium of poplar ({Populus} tremula x tremuloides).},
	volume = {120},
	journal = {Plant physiology},
	author = {F, Sterky and Lundeberg, Joakim and Kleczkowski, Leszek},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {934 (Plant Gene Register)},
}

@article{fridborg_arabidopsis_1999,
	title = {The {Arabidopsis} {Dwarf} {Mutant} shi {Exhibits} {Reduced} {Gibberellin} {Responses} {Conferred} by {Overexpression} of a {New} {Putative} {Zinc} {Finger} {Protein}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1040-4651},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.11.6.1019},
	doi = {10/cx9c78},
	abstract = {shi (for short internodes), a semidominant dwarfing mutation of Arabidopsis caused by a transposon insertion, confers a phenotype typical of mutants defective in the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA). However, the application of GA does not correct the dwarf phenotype of shi plants, suggesting that shi is defective in the perception of or in the response to GA. In agreement with this observation, the level of active GAs was elevated in shi plants, which is the result expected when feedback control of GA biosynthesis is reduced. Cloning of the SHI gene revealed that in shi, the transposon is inserted into the untranslated leader so that a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in the transposon reads out toward the SHI open reading frame. This result, together with mRNA analysis, suggests that the phenotype of the shi mutant is a result of overexpression of the SHI open reading frame. The predicted amino acid sequence of SHI has acidic and glutamine-rich stretches and shows sequence similarity over a putative zinc finger region to three presumptive Arabidopsis proteins. This suggests that SHI may act as a negative regulator of GA responses through transcriptional control.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {The Plant Cell},
	author = {Fridborg, Ingela and Kuusk, Sandra and Moritz, Thomas and Sundberg, Eva},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1019--1031},
}

shi (for short internodes), a semidominant dwarfing mutation of Arabidopsis caused by a transposon insertion, confers a phenotype typical of mutants defective in the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA). However, the application of GA does not correct the dwarf phenotype of shi plants, suggesting that shi is defective in the perception of or in the response to GA. In agreement with this observation, the level of active GAs was elevated in shi plants, which is the result expected when feedback control of GA biosynthesis is reduced. Cloning of the SHI gene revealed that in shi, the transposon is inserted into the untranslated leader so that a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in the transposon reads out toward the SHI open reading frame. This result, together with mRNA analysis, suggests that the phenotype of the shi mutant is a result of overexpression of the SHI open reading frame. The predicted amino acid sequence of SHI has acidic and glutamine-rich stretches and shows sequence similarity over a putative zinc finger region to three presumptive Arabidopsis proteins. This suggests that SHI may act as a negative regulator of GA responses through transcriptional control.

@article{westergren_phosphatidylinositol_1999,
	title = {Phosphatidylinositol 4-{Kinase} {Associated} with {Spinach} {Plasma} {Membranes}. {Isolation} and {Characterization} of {Two} {Distinct} {Forms1}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.121.2.507},
	doi = {10/dmzq8p},
	abstract = {Highly purified plasma membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves contained phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) kinase activity that was firmly associated with the membrane. The enzyme was solubilized by detergent treatment (2\% [w/v] Triton X-100) and purified by heparin-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose chromatography. Two enzymically active fractions, QI and QII, both exhibiting PtdIns 4-kinase activity, were resolved and purified 100- to 300-fold over the plasma membrane. QI and QII shared similar high apparentK  m values for ATP (approximately 0.45 mm) and PtdIns (approximately 0.2 mm) and were insensitive to inhibition by adenosine. While Mg2+ was the preferred divalent cation, Mn2+ could partly substitute in the reaction catalyzed by the QII enzyme but not in that catalyzed by QI. Mn2+ acted synergistically with suboptimal Mg2+ concentrations to activate not only the QII enzyme, but also to some extent QI. Both enzymes were inhibited by millimolar concentrations of Ca2+ and micromolar concentrations of wortmannin. The apparent molecular mass for QI was 120 kD, which was determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using an antibody against a peptide unique for lipid kinases and the binding of3H-wortmannin, and for QII 65 kD as determined by immunodetection and renaturation of PtdIns kinase activity in the 65-kD region of polyacrylamide gels.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Westergren, Tomas and Ekblad, Lars and Jergil, Bengt and Sommarin, Marianne},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {507--516},
}

Highly purified plasma membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves contained phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) kinase activity that was firmly associated with the membrane. The enzyme was solubilized by detergent treatment (2% [w/v] Triton X-100) and purified by heparin-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose chromatography. Two enzymically active fractions, QI and QII, both exhibiting PtdIns 4-kinase activity, were resolved and purified 100- to 300-fold over the plasma membrane. QI and QII shared similar high apparentK  m values for ATP (approximately 0.45 mm) and PtdIns (approximately 0.2 mm) and were insensitive to inhibition by adenosine. While Mg2+ was the preferred divalent cation, Mn2+ could partly substitute in the reaction catalyzed by the QII enzyme but not in that catalyzed by QI. Mn2+ acted synergistically with suboptimal Mg2+ concentrations to activate not only the QII enzyme, but also to some extent QI. Both enzymes were inhibited by millimolar concentrations of Ca2+ and micromolar concentrations of wortmannin. The apparent molecular mass for QI was 120 kD, which was determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using an antibody against a peptide unique for lipid kinases and the binding of3H-wortmannin, and for QII 65 kD as determined by immunodetection and renaturation of PtdIns kinase activity in the 65-kD region of polyacrylamide gels.

@article{strand_acclimation_1999,
	title = {Acclimation of {Arabidopsis} {Leaves} {Developing} at {Low} {Temperatures}. {Increasing} {Cytoplasmic} {Volume} {Accompanies} {Increased} {Activities} of {Enzymes} in the {Calvin} {Cycle} and in the {Sucrose}-{Biosynthesis} {Pathway1}},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.4.1387},
	doi = {10/fgpkmw},
	abstract = {Photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation to low growth temperatures were studied in Arabidopsis (Heynh.). Plants were grown at 23°C and then shifted to 5°C. We compared the leaves shifted to 5°C for 10 d and the new leaves developed at 5°C with the control leaves on plants that had been left at 23°C. Leaf development at 5°C resulted in the recovery of photosynthesis to rates comparable with those achieved by control leaves at 23°C. There was a shift in the partitioning of carbon from starch and toward sucrose (Suc) in leaves that developed at 5°C. The recovery of photosynthetic capacity and the redirection of carbon to Suc in these leaves were associated with coordinated increases in the activity of several Calvin-cycle enzymes, even larger increases in the activity of key enzymes for Suc biosynthesis, and an increase in the phosphate available for metabolism. Development of leaves at 5°C also led to an increase in cytoplasmic volume and a decrease in vacuolar volume, which may provide an important mechanism for increasing the enzymes and metabolites in cold-acclimated leaves. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such structural changes during leaf development in the cold could result in novel approaches to increasing plant yield.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Strand, Åsa and Hurry, Vaughan and Henkes, Stefan and Huner, Norman and Gustafsson, Petter and Gardeström, Per and Stitt, Mark},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1387--1398},
}

Photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation to low growth temperatures were studied in Arabidopsis (Heynh.). Plants were grown at 23°C and then shifted to 5°C. We compared the leaves shifted to 5°C for 10 d and the new leaves developed at 5°C with the control leaves on plants that had been left at 23°C. Leaf development at 5°C resulted in the recovery of photosynthesis to rates comparable with those achieved by control leaves at 23°C. There was a shift in the partitioning of carbon from starch and toward sucrose (Suc) in leaves that developed at 5°C. The recovery of photosynthetic capacity and the redirection of carbon to Suc in these leaves were associated with coordinated increases in the activity of several Calvin-cycle enzymes, even larger increases in the activity of key enzymes for Suc biosynthesis, and an increase in the phosphate available for metabolism. Development of leaves at 5°C also led to an increase in cytoplasmic volume and a decrease in vacuolar volume, which may provide an important mechanism for increasing the enzymes and metabolites in cold-acclimated leaves. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such structural changes during leaf development in the cold could result in novel approaches to increasing plant yield.

@article{peng_extragenic_1999,
	title = {Extragenic {Suppressors} of the {Arabidopsis} {gaiMutation} {Alter} the {Dose}-{Response} {Relationship} of {Diverse} {Gibberellin} {Responses1}},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.4.1199},
	doi = {10/bd2xj4},
	abstract = {Active gibberellins (GAs) are endogenous factors that regulate plant growth and development in a dose-dependent fashion. Mutant plants that are GA deficient, or exhibit reduced GA responses, display a characteristic dwarf phenotype. Extragenic suppressor analysis has resulted in the isolation of Arabidopsis mutations, which partially suppress the dwarf phenotype conferred by GA deficiency and reduced GA-response mutations. Here we describe detailed studies of the effects of two of these suppressors,spy-7 and gar2–1, on several different GA-responsive growth processes (seed germination, vegetative growth, stem elongation, chlorophyll accumulation, and flowering) and on the in planta amounts of active and inactive GA species. The results of these experiments show that spy-7 and gar2–1affect the GA dose-response relationship for a wide range of GA responses and suggest that all GA-regulated processes are controlled through a negatively acting GA-signaling pathway.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Peng, Jinrong and Richards, Donald E. and Moritz, Thomas and Caño-Delgado, Ana and Harberd, Nicholas P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1199--1208},
}

Active gibberellins (GAs) are endogenous factors that regulate plant growth and development in a dose-dependent fashion. Mutant plants that are GA deficient, or exhibit reduced GA responses, display a characteristic dwarf phenotype. Extragenic suppressor analysis has resulted in the isolation of Arabidopsis mutations, which partially suppress the dwarf phenotype conferred by GA deficiency and reduced GA-response mutations. Here we describe detailed studies of the effects of two of these suppressors,spy-7 and gar2–1, on several different GA-responsive growth processes (seed germination, vegetative growth, stem elongation, chlorophyll accumulation, and flowering) and on the in planta amounts of active and inactive GA species. The results of these experiments show that spy-7 and gar2–1affect the GA dose-response relationship for a wide range of GA responses and suggest that all GA-regulated processes are controlled through a negatively acting GA-signaling pathway.

@article{svennelid_phosphorylation_1999,
	title = {Phosphorylation of {Thr}-948 at the {C} {Terminus} of the {Plasma} {Membrane} {H}+-{ATPase} {Creates} a {Binding} {Site} for the {Regulatory} 14-3-3 {Protein}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1040-4651},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.11.12.2379},
	doi = {10/d8hvv3},
	abstract = {The plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase is activated by the binding of 14-3-3 protein to the C-terminal region of the enzyme, thus forming an H+-ATPase–14-3-3 complex that can be stabilized by the fungal toxin fusicoccin. A novel 14-3-3 binding motif, QQXYpT948V, at the C terminus of the H+-ATPase is identified and characterized, and the protein kinase activity in the plasma membrane fraction that phosphorylates this threonine residue in the H+-ATPase is identified. A synthetic peptide that corresponds to the C-terminal 16 amino acids of the H+-ATPase and that is phosphorylated on Thr-948 prevents the in vitro activation of the H+-ATPase that is obtained in the presence of recombinant 14-3-3 and fusicoccin. Furthermore, binding of 14-3-3 to the H+-ATPase in the absence of fusicoccin is absolutely dependent on the phosphorylation of Thr-948, whereas binding of 14-3-3 in the presence of fusicoccin occurs independently of phosphorylation but still involves the C-terminal motif YTV. Finally, by complementing yeast that lacks its endogenous H+-ATPase with wild-type and mutant forms of the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia H+-ATPase isoform PMA2, we provide physiological evidence for the importance of the phosphothreonine motif in 14-3-3 binding and, hence, in the activation of the H+-ATPase in vivo. Indeed, replacing Thr-948 in the plant H+-ATPase with alanine is lethal because this mutant fails to functionally replace the yeast H+-ATPase. Considering the importance of the motif QQXYpTV for 14-3-3 binding and yeast growth, this motif should be of vital importance for regulating H+-ATPase activity in the plant and thus for plant growth.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {The Plant Cell},
	author = {Svennelid, Fredrik and Olsson, Anne and Piotrowski, Markus and Rosenquist, Magnus and Ottman, Cristian and Larsson, Christer and Oecking, Claudia and Sommarin, Marianne},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2379--2391},
}

The plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase is activated by the binding of 14-3-3 protein to the C-terminal region of the enzyme, thus forming an H+-ATPase–14-3-3 complex that can be stabilized by the fungal toxin fusicoccin. A novel 14-3-3 binding motif, QQXYpT948V, at the C terminus of the H+-ATPase is identified and characterized, and the protein kinase activity in the plasma membrane fraction that phosphorylates this threonine residue in the H+-ATPase is identified. A synthetic peptide that corresponds to the C-terminal 16 amino acids of the H+-ATPase and that is phosphorylated on Thr-948 prevents the in vitro activation of the H+-ATPase that is obtained in the presence of recombinant 14-3-3 and fusicoccin. Furthermore, binding of 14-3-3 to the H+-ATPase in the absence of fusicoccin is absolutely dependent on the phosphorylation of Thr-948, whereas binding of 14-3-3 in the presence of fusicoccin occurs independently of phosphorylation but still involves the C-terminal motif YTV. Finally, by complementing yeast that lacks its endogenous H+-ATPase with wild-type and mutant forms of the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia H+-ATPase isoform PMA2, we provide physiological evidence for the importance of the phosphothreonine motif in 14-3-3 binding and, hence, in the activation of the H+-ATPase in vivo. Indeed, replacing Thr-948 in the plant H+-ATPase with alanine is lethal because this mutant fails to functionally replace the yeast H+-ATPase. Considering the importance of the motif QQXYpTV for 14-3-3 binding and yeast growth, this motif should be of vital importance for regulating H+-ATPase activity in the plant and thus for plant growth.

@article{lebeda_peroxidase_1999,
	title = {Peroxidase isozyme polymorphism in {Cucurbita} pepo cultivars with various morphotypes and different level of field resistance to powdery mildew},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0304-4238},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304423898002611},
	doi = {10/bp9vpf},
	abstract = {A set of 31 Cucurbita pepo L. commercial cultivars with different fruit shapes (morphotypes) was evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew of cucurbits (Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea) under field conditions of a natural infection. During vegetative growth, the infection degree (ID) was assessed four times on leaves (L) and twice on stems and petioles (S). The `Area below the curve' values of the disease infection progress were calculated separately for leaves (ABC-L) and stems and petioles (ABC-S). Data were subjected to one-way analyses of variance and mean separation was performed using LSD multiple range tests. Significant differences in field resistance were found between morphotypes. Cultivars with scallop and acorn fruit shapes were the most resistant. The straightneck, crookneck and ornamental gourd groups showed medium levels of field resistance. The zucchini, cocozelle, pumpkin and vegetable marrow groups of morphotypes were the most susceptible. Isozyme spectra of peroxidases for 11 selected C. pepo cultivars representing different groups of morphotypes with various levels of field resistance were analysed as well. They could be ranged into three basic groups which correspond with the cultivar's level of field resistance. This phenomenon is discussed as a potential biochemical marker in C. pepo selection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Scientia Horticulturae},
	author = {Lebeda, A and Křı́stková, E and Doležal, K},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Biochemical markers, Genetic resources, Resistance breeding, Squash morphotypes},
	pages = {103--112},
}

A set of 31 Cucurbita pepo L. commercial cultivars with different fruit shapes (morphotypes) was evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew of cucurbits (Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea) under field conditions of a natural infection. During vegetative growth, the infection degree (ID) was assessed four times on leaves (L) and twice on stems and petioles (S). The `Area below the curve' values of the disease infection progress were calculated separately for leaves (ABC-L) and stems and petioles (ABC-S). Data were subjected to one-way analyses of variance and mean separation was performed using LSD multiple range tests. Significant differences in field resistance were found between morphotypes. Cultivars with scallop and acorn fruit shapes were the most resistant. The straightneck, crookneck and ornamental gourd groups showed medium levels of field resistance. The zucchini, cocozelle, pumpkin and vegetable marrow groups of morphotypes were the most susceptible. Isozyme spectra of peroxidases for 11 selected C. pepo cultivars representing different groups of morphotypes with various levels of field resistance were analysed as well. They could be ranged into three basic groups which correspond with the cultivar's level of field resistance. This phenomenon is discussed as a potential biochemical marker in C. pepo selection.

@article{karpinski_systemic_1999,
	title = {Systemic {Signaling} and {Acclimation} in {Response} to {Excess} {Excitation} {Energy} in {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {284},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5414.654},
	doi = {10/fmq748},
	number = {5414},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Karpinski, Stanislaw and Reynolds, Helen and Karpinska, Barbara and Wingsle, Gunnar and Creissen, Gary and Mullineaux, Philip},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {654--657},
}

@article{bhalerao_regulatory_1999,
	title = {Regulatory interaction of {PRL1} {WD} protein with {Arabidopsis} {SNF1}-like protein kinases},
	volume = {96},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC21862/},
	doi = {10/fpvx8m},
	abstract = {Mutation of the PRL1 gene, encoding a regulatory WD protein, results in glucose hypersensitivity and derepression of glucose-regulated genes in Arabidopsis. The yeast SNF1 protein kinase, a key regulator of glucose signaling, and Arabidopsis SNF1 homologs ...},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Bhalerao, Rishikesh P. and Salchert, Klaus and Bakó, László and Ökrész, László and Szabados, László and Muranaka, Toshiya and Machida, Yasunori and Schell, Jeff and Koncz, Csaba},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10220464},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {5322},
}

Mutation of the PRL1 gene, encoding a regulatory WD protein, results in glucose hypersensitivity and derepression of glucose-regulated genes in Arabidopsis. The yeast SNF1 protein kinase, a key regulator of glucose signaling, and Arabidopsis SNF1 homologs ...

@article{valkonen_dwarf_1999,
	title = {Dwarf (di)haploid pito mutants obtained from a tetraploid potato cultivar ({Solanum} tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) via anther culture are defective in gibberellin biosynthesis},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {0168-9452},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945299001417},
	doi = {10/b29hzp},
	abstract = {Nine dwarf (di)haploid lines (2n=2×=24) were obtained from the tetraploid (2n=4×=48), long day-adapted potato cultivar ‘Pito’ (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) through anther culture. They grew slowly, had very short internodes, compact and ball-shaped appearance, and dark green leaves. Dwarfism was due to a recessive gene, designated pito. Endogenous gibberellin contents were measured in the leaves of dwarf and wild-type lines by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High amounts of GA19, GA20, GA29, GA1, and GA8 were detected in the wild-type plants, which indicated that the early 13-hydroxylation pathway was predominantly used for GA biosynthesis in S. t. subsp. tuberosum. Also GA53, GA15 and GA9 were detected but not quantified. Very low endogenous amounts of all analysed GAs were detected in the pito mutants, indicating a block at an early part of the GA biosynthesis pathway. The dwarf lines strongly and quickly responded to the exogenous application of low amounts (79 nM) of bioactive GA (GA3), which restored normal growth and confirmed that the pito dwarfs were synthesis mutants and not GA response mutants.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Science},
	author = {Valkonen, Jari P. T. and Moritz, Thomas and Watanabe, Kazuo N. and Rokka, Veli-Matti},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Dwarf, Gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC-MS, Gibberellin, Potato},
	pages = {51--57},
}

Nine dwarf (di)haploid lines (2n=2×=24) were obtained from the tetraploid (2n=4×=48), long day-adapted potato cultivar ‘Pito’ (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) through anther culture. They grew slowly, had very short internodes, compact and ball-shaped appearance, and dark green leaves. Dwarfism was due to a recessive gene, designated pito. Endogenous gibberellin contents were measured in the leaves of dwarf and wild-type lines by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High amounts of GA19, GA20, GA29, GA1, and GA8 were detected in the wild-type plants, which indicated that the early 13-hydroxylation pathway was predominantly used for GA biosynthesis in S. t. subsp. tuberosum. Also GA53, GA15 and GA9 were detected but not quantified. Very low endogenous amounts of all analysed GAs were detected in the pito mutants, indicating a block at an early part of the GA biosynthesis pathway. The dwarf lines strongly and quickly responded to the exogenous application of low amounts (79 nM) of bioactive GA (GA3), which restored normal growth and confirmed that the pito dwarfs were synthesis mutants and not GA response mutants.

@article{puhakainen_cold_1999,
	title = {Cold acclimation enhances the activity of plasma membrane {Ca2}+ {ATPase} in winter rye leaves},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0981-9428},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942899800382},
	doi = {10/dcxvrr},
	abstract = {Exposure of plant cells and tissues to low or freezing temperatures often lead to uncontrolled and detrimental ion leakage. Therefore, when plants acclimate to low temperatures, processes that control ionic homeostasis are important. Here we characterized H+ ATPase and ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activities in isolated plasma membranes of cold-acclimated and non-acclimated winter rye leaves (Secale cereale L. cv. Voima). Cold acclimation resulted in a two-fold higher Ca2+ transport activity, significantly different (P = 0.021) from that of non-acclimated rye, whereas only a small increase in H+ ATPase activity, measured as ATP hydrolysis, was observed in cold-acclimated compared to non-acclimated preparations. In plasma membranes, extensively washed with EDTA and Brij 58 to remove endogenous calmodulin, Ca2+ transport activity increased to about double by calmodulin addition, with both non-acclimated and cold-acclimated material. Uptake of Ca2+ was seen within the pHrange analyzed (pH 6–8), with an optimum at pH 7.2 with both materials, and both in the absence and in the presence of calmodulin. The increase in activity of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in cold-acclimated rye plasma membranes probably reflects the capacity needed to sustain the resting level of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration that is characteristic to the cold-acclimated situation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Physiology and Biochemistry},
	author = {Puhakainen, Tuula and Pihakaski-Maunsbach, Kaarina and Widell, Susanne and Sommarin, Marianne},
	month = mar,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Ca transport, Calmodulin, H ATPase, Secale cereale, cold acclimation, plasma membrane, rye},
	pages = {231--239},
}

Exposure of plant cells and tissues to low or freezing temperatures often lead to uncontrolled and detrimental ion leakage. Therefore, when plants acclimate to low temperatures, processes that control ionic homeostasis are important. Here we characterized H+ ATPase and ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activities in isolated plasma membranes of cold-acclimated and non-acclimated winter rye leaves (Secale cereale L. cv. Voima). Cold acclimation resulted in a two-fold higher Ca2+ transport activity, significantly different (P = 0.021) from that of non-acclimated rye, whereas only a small increase in H+ ATPase activity, measured as ATP hydrolysis, was observed in cold-acclimated compared to non-acclimated preparations. In plasma membranes, extensively washed with EDTA and Brij 58 to remove endogenous calmodulin, Ca2+ transport activity increased to about double by calmodulin addition, with both non-acclimated and cold-acclimated material. Uptake of Ca2+ was seen within the pHrange analyzed (pH 6–8), with an optimum at pH 7.2 with both materials, and both in the absence and in the presence of calmodulin. The increase in activity of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in cold-acclimated rye plasma membranes probably reflects the capacity needed to sustain the resting level of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration that is characteristic to the cold-acclimated situation.

@article{steinmann_coordinated_1999,
	title = {Coordinated {Polar} {Localization} of {Auxin} {Efflux} {Carrier} {PIN1} by {GNOM} {ARF} {GEF}},
	volume = {286},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.286.5438.316},
	doi = {10/ffzzdv},
	number = {5438},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Steinmann, Thomas and Geldner, Niko and Grebe, Markus and Mangold, Stefan and Jackson, Catherine L. and Paris, Sonia and Gälweiler, Leo and Palme, Klaus and Jürgens, Gerd},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {316--318},
}

@article{philippar_auxin-induced_1999,
	title = {Auxin-induced {K}+ channel expression represents an essential step in coleoptile growth and gravitropism},
	volume = {96},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999, The National Academy of Sciences},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/96/21/12186},
	doi = {10/c6st7j},
	abstract = {Auxin-induced growth of coleoptiles depends on the presence of potassium and is suppressed by K+ channel blockers. To evaluate the role of K+ channels in auxin-mediated growth, we isolated and functionally expressed ZMK1 and ZMK2 (Zea mays K+ channel 1 and 2), two potassium channels from maize coleoptiles. In growth experiments, the time course of auxin-induced expression of ZMK1 coincided with the kinetics of coleoptile elongation. Upon gravistimulation of maize seedlings, ZMK1 expression followed the gravitropic-induced auxin redistribution. K+ channel expression increased even before a bending of the coleoptile was observed. The transcript level of ZMK2, expressed in vascular tissue, was not affected by auxin. In patch-clamp studies on coleoptile protoplasts, auxin increased K+ channel density while leaving channel properties unaffected. Thus, we conclude that coleoptile growth depends on the transcriptional up-regulation of ZMK1, an inwardly rectifying K+ channel expressed in the nonvascular tissue of this organ.},
	language = {en},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Philippar, Katrin and Fuchs, Ines and Lüthen, Hartwig and Hoth, Stefan and Bauer, Claudia S. and Haga, Ken and Thiel, Gerhard and Ljung, Karin and Sandberg, Göran and Böttger, Michael and Becker, Dirk and Hedrich, Rainer},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10518597},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	pages = {12186--12191},
}

Auxin-induced growth of coleoptiles depends on the presence of potassium and is suppressed by K+ channel blockers. To evaluate the role of K+ channels in auxin-mediated growth, we isolated and functionally expressed ZMK1 and ZMK2 (Zea mays K+ channel 1 and 2), two potassium channels from maize coleoptiles. In growth experiments, the time course of auxin-induced expression of ZMK1 coincided with the kinetics of coleoptile elongation. Upon gravistimulation of maize seedlings, ZMK1 expression followed the gravitropic-induced auxin redistribution. K+ channel expression increased even before a bending of the coleoptile was observed. The transcript level of ZMK2, expressed in vascular tissue, was not affected by auxin. In patch-clamp studies on coleoptile protoplasts, auxin increased K+ channel density while leaving channel properties unaffected. Thus, we conclude that coleoptile growth depends on the transcriptional up-regulation of ZMK1, an inwardly rectifying K+ channel expressed in the nonvascular tissue of this organ.

@article{sitbon_enhanced_1999,
	title = {Enhanced ethylene production and peroxidase activity in {IAA}-overproducing transgenic tobacco plants is associated with increased lignin content and altered lignin composition},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {0168-9452},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945298002362},
	doi = {10/frvbcc},
	abstract = {In a previous investigation, the lignin content of the xylem in the tobacco stem was shown to be greater in transgenic IAA-overproducing line C plants than in wild-type plants (Sitbon et al., Plant Physiol. 99 (1992) 1062–1069). Here, we confirm this observation and also show that the lignin composition in the transformants is altered, the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl units being decreased due to an increase in guaiacyl units. Line C plants displayed an increased ethylene production in leaves and internodes, as well as a greater capacity to evolve ethylene in response to wounding and exogenous IAA. Line C plants also had greater peroxidase (POD) activity, whereas cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and ß-glucosidase activities were similar in the two genotypes. The mRNA level of a tobacco anionic POD, previously associated with increased levels of lignin and related polyphenols when overexpressed in transgenic tobacco plants (Lagrimini, Plant Physiol. 96 (1991) 577–583), was increased in line C plants. It is suggested that the high IAA level in the transformants, through an induction of ethylene synthesis, increases POD activity and hence also lignin deposition.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Science},
	author = {Sitbon, Folke and Hennion, Stéphane and Little, C. H. Anthony and Sundberg, Björn},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {(transgenic), Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, Ethylene, IAA, Lignin, Peroxidase, ß-Glucosidase},
	pages = {165--173},
}

In a previous investigation, the lignin content of the xylem in the tobacco stem was shown to be greater in transgenic IAA-overproducing line C plants than in wild-type plants (Sitbon et al., Plant Physiol. 99 (1992) 1062–1069). Here, we confirm this observation and also show that the lignin composition in the transformants is altered, the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl units being decreased due to an increase in guaiacyl units. Line C plants displayed an increased ethylene production in leaves and internodes, as well as a greater capacity to evolve ethylene in response to wounding and exogenous IAA. Line C plants also had greater peroxidase (POD) activity, whereas cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and ß-glucosidase activities were similar in the two genotypes. The mRNA level of a tobacco anionic POD, previously associated with increased levels of lignin and related polyphenols when overexpressed in transgenic tobacco plants (Lagrimini, Plant Physiol. 96 (1991) 577–583), was increased in line C plants. It is suggested that the high IAA level in the transformants, through an induction of ethylene synthesis, increases POD activity and hence also lignin deposition.

@article{igamberdiev_origins_1999,
	title = {Origins and metabolism of formate in higher plants},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0981-9428},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942800801023},
	doi = {10/fqdmdx},
	abstract = {Formate, a simple one-carbon compound, is readily metabolized in plant tissues. In greening potato tubers, similar to some procaryotes, formate is directly synthesized via a ferredoxin-dependent fixation of CO2, serving as the main precursor for carbon skeletons in biosynthetic pathways. In other plant species and tissues, formate appears as a side-product of photorespiration and of fermentation pathways, but possibly also as a product of direct CO2 reduction in chloroplasts. Formate metabolism is closely related to serine synthesis and to all subsequent reactions originating from serine. Formate may have a role in biosynthesis of numerous compounds, in energetic metabolism and in signal transduction pathways related to stress response. This review summarizes the current state of formate research, physiological/biochemical and molecular aspects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Physiology and Biochemistry},
	author = {Igamberdiev, Abir U. and Bykova, Natalia V. and Kleczkowski, Leszek A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {C1-Metabolism, formate, glyoxylate, photorespiration, photosynthesis, tetrahydrofolates},
	pages = {503--513},
}

Formate, a simple one-carbon compound, is readily metabolized in plant tissues. In greening potato tubers, similar to some procaryotes, formate is directly synthesized via a ferredoxin-dependent fixation of CO2, serving as the main precursor for carbon skeletons in biosynthetic pathways. In other plant species and tissues, formate appears as a side-product of photorespiration and of fermentation pathways, but possibly also as a product of direct CO2 reduction in chloroplasts. Formate metabolism is closely related to serine synthesis and to all subsequent reactions originating from serine. Formate may have a role in biosynthesis of numerous compounds, in energetic metabolism and in signal transduction pathways related to stress response. This review summarizes the current state of formate research, physiological/biochemical and molecular aspects.

@article{moen_estimates_1999,
	title = {Estimates of structural complexity in clonal plant morphology: comparisons of grazed and ungrazed {Acaena} magellanica rhizomes},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0008-4026},
	shorttitle = {Estimates of structural complexity in clonal plant morphology},
	url = {https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/b99-047},
	doi = {10.1139/b99-047},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-11-09},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Botany},
	author = {Moen, Jon and Ingvarsson, Pär K and Walton, David WH},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: NRC Research Press},
	pages = {869--876},
}

@article{siedlecka_relationship_1999,
	title = {A {Relationship} between {Carbonic} {Anhydrase} and {Rubisco} in {Response} to {Moderate} {Cadmium} {Stress} during {Light} {Activation} of {Photosynthesis}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1865-7125},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/znc-1999-9-1023/html},
	doi = {10.1515/znc-1999-9-1023},
	abstract = {In our previous research, we showed that low Cd concentration increases the effectiveness of the processes leading to activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). This stimulation was dependent on carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and resulted in protecting Rubisco activity against Cd toxicity. The aim of the present paper was to test whether this mechanism has any influence on light activation of photosynthesis during the first 2 h of illumination. Both the “activation mechanism” of plant response to Cd-stress conditions and its full efficiency at low Cd concentration were confirmed. The CA-dependent light activation of Rubisco at low Cd level was correlated with accelerated attaining of the maximum Rubisco activity by these plants. The amount of Rubisco was also Cd- and timedependent and varied from continuous accumulation in control plants till reaching the maximum level within 30 minutes for the high Cd concentration. An increase in CA activity that was found to be parallel to the decrease of the amount of CA suggested activation of the enzyme by low Cd concentration},
	language = {en},
	number = {9-10},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C},
	author = {Siedlecka, Anna and Gardeström, Per and Samuelsson, Göran and Kleczkowski, Leszek A. and Krupa, Zbigniew},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	pages = {759--763},
}

In our previous research, we showed that low Cd concentration increases the effectiveness of the processes leading to activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). This stimulation was dependent on carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and resulted in protecting Rubisco activity against Cd toxicity. The aim of the present paper was to test whether this mechanism has any influence on light activation of photosynthesis during the first 2 h of illumination. Both the “activation mechanism” of plant response to Cd-stress conditions and its full efficiency at low Cd concentration were confirmed. The CA-dependent light activation of Rubisco at low Cd level was correlated with accelerated attaining of the maximum Rubisco activity by these plants. The amount of Rubisco was also Cd- and timedependent and varied from continuous accumulation in control plants till reaching the maximum level within 30 minutes for the high Cd concentration. An increase in CA activity that was found to be parallel to the decrease of the amount of CA suggested activation of the enzyme by low Cd concentration

@article{kleszkowski_molecular_1999,
	title = {Molecular {Cloning} and {Spatial} {Expression} of an {ApL1} {cDNA} for the {Large} {Subunit} of {ADP}-{Glucose} {Pyrophosphorylase} from {Arabidopsis} thaliana},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1865-7125},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/znc-1999-5-610/html},
	doi = {10.1515/znc-1999-5-610},
	abstract = {A cDNA, A p L 1a , corresponding to a homologue of the large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AG Pase), has been isolated/characterised by screening a cDNA library prepared from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by rapid amplification of cDNA 3′-ends (3′-RACE). Within the 1685 nucleotide-long sequence (excluding polyA tail), an open reading frame encodes a protein of 522 amino acids (aa), with a calculated molecular weight of 57.7 kDa. The derived aa sequence does not contain any discernible transit peptide cleavage site motif, similarly to two other recently sequenced full-length Arabidopsis homo-logues for AGPase, and shows ca. 58–78 \% identity to homologous proteins from other plants/tissues. The corresponding gene was found (rosette and stem leaves, stems, flowers and fruits), consistent with its critical role in starch synthesis in},
	language = {en},
	number = {5-6},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C},
	author = {Kleszkowski, Leszek A. and Sokolov, Lubomir N. and Luo, Cheng and Villand, Per},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	pages = {353--358},
}

A cDNA, A p L 1a , corresponding to a homologue of the large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AG Pase), has been isolated/characterised by screening a cDNA library prepared from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by rapid amplification of cDNA 3′-ends (3′-RACE). Within the 1685 nucleotide-long sequence (excluding polyA tail), an open reading frame encodes a protein of 522 amino acids (aa), with a calculated molecular weight of 57.7 kDa. The derived aa sequence does not contain any discernible transit peptide cleavage site motif, similarly to two other recently sequenced full-length Arabidopsis homo-logues for AGPase, and shows ca. 58–78 % identity to homologous proteins from other plants/tissues. The corresponding gene was found (rosette and stem leaves, stems, flowers and fruits), consistent with its critical role in starch synthesis in

@article{jansson_guide_1999,
	title = {A guide to the {Lhc} genes and their relatives in {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1360-1385},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138599014193},
	doi = {10.1016/S1360-1385(99)01419-3},
	abstract = {The Lhc super-gene family encodes the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) proteins that constitute the antenna system of the photosynthetic apparatus, and also includes some relatives whose functions are more or less unknown. The Lhc super-gene family of Arabidopsis contains {\textgreater}30 members and the databases contain {\textgreater}1000 EST clones originating from these genes. This article presents an overview of these genes and provides some tools for researchers who want to use them in their studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
	author = {Jansson, Stefan},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Antenna, Lhca, Lhcb, Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins},
	pages = {236--240},
}

The Lhc super-gene family encodes the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) proteins that constitute the antenna system of the photosynthetic apparatus, and also includes some relatives whose functions are more or less unknown. The Lhc super-gene family of Arabidopsis contains \textgreater30 members and the databases contain \textgreater1000 EST clones originating from these genes. This article presents an overview of these genes and provides some tools for researchers who want to use them in their studies.

@article{bergstrom_seasonal_1999,
	title = {Seasonal changes of pinosylvin distribution in the sapwood/heartwood boundary of {Pinus} sylvestris},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1432-2285},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00009754},
	doi = {10.1007/PL00009754},
	abstract = {Changes in pinosylvin concentration and distribution across the sapwood/heartwood boundary were studied on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree stems to detect seasonal activity in heartwood formation. Pinosylvin concentrations were measured with FT-(NIR) Raman spectroscopy for a total of 96 trees equally distributed on 16 different sampling occasions. In another experiment, cores were sampled every month from six individual Scots pine trees from June to October and analysed for pinosylvin. There was a great between-tree variation in concentration and spatial distribution of pinosylvin. No seasonal trend in the distribution pattern or concentration of pinosylvin was found. Therefore, the results indicate that there is no specific period during the year when heartwood is formed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Trees},
	author = {Bergström, B. and Gustafsson, Gabriella and Gref, Rolf and Ericsson, Anders},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {65--71},
}

Changes in pinosylvin concentration and distribution across the sapwood/heartwood boundary were studied on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree stems to detect seasonal activity in heartwood formation. Pinosylvin concentrations were measured with FT-(NIR) Raman spectroscopy for a total of 96 trees equally distributed on 16 different sampling occasions. In another experiment, cores were sampled every month from six individual Scots pine trees from June to October and analysed for pinosylvin. There was a great between-tree variation in concentration and spatial distribution of pinosylvin. No seasonal trend in the distribution pattern or concentration of pinosylvin was found. Therefore, the results indicate that there is no specific period during the year when heartwood is formed.

@article{ogren_fall_1999,
	title = {Fall frost resistance in willows used for biomass production. {II}. {Predictive} relationships with sugar concentration and dry matter content},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0829-318X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.11.755},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/19.11.755},
	abstract = {The accumulation of sugars and dry matter in stems in fall was examined in relation to frost hardening in eight willow clones (six clones of Salix viminalis L. and one clone each of S. viminalis × S. schwerenii E. Wolf and S. dasyclados Wimm.). Evidence is presented that three sources of variation in fall frost resistance among the eight clones could be assessed from an analysis of stem composition. First, the pre-hardening value of frost resistance could be assessed from the total sugar concentration. Second, the start of induction of apical growth cessation and hence frost hardening could be distinguished by a stepwise increase in sucrose-to-glucose ratio. Third, the progress of frost hardening during its first phase could be followed from a proportional rise in total sugar concentration and, even more accurately, from a proportional rise in dry-to-fresh weight ratio. In contrast, the second phase of frost hardening was largely uncoupled from sugar and dry matter accumulation. Raffinose and sucrose accumulation seemed to be under differential environmental controls. Sucrose accumulation started with the initiation of growth cessation controlled by photoperiod, whereas raffinose accumulation started with falling temperatures later on. Starch reserves that built up in stems in early fall were partially mobilized later on to support sugar accumulation. In contrast to stems, leaves did not exhibit a preferential accumulation of sucrose in fall.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Ögren, Erling},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {755--760},
}

The accumulation of sugars and dry matter in stems in fall was examined in relation to frost hardening in eight willow clones (six clones of Salix viminalis L. and one clone each of S. viminalis × S. schwerenii E. Wolf and S. dasyclados Wimm.). Evidence is presented that three sources of variation in fall frost resistance among the eight clones could be assessed from an analysis of stem composition. First, the pre-hardening value of frost resistance could be assessed from the total sugar concentration. Second, the start of induction of apical growth cessation and hence frost hardening could be distinguished by a stepwise increase in sucrose-to-glucose ratio. Third, the progress of frost hardening during its first phase could be followed from a proportional rise in total sugar concentration and, even more accurately, from a proportional rise in dry-to-fresh weight ratio. In contrast, the second phase of frost hardening was largely uncoupled from sugar and dry matter accumulation. Raffinose and sucrose accumulation seemed to be under differential environmental controls. Sucrose accumulation started with the initiation of growth cessation controlled by photoperiod, whereas raffinose accumulation started with falling temperatures later on. Starch reserves that built up in stems in early fall were partially mobilized later on to support sugar accumulation. In contrast to stems, leaves did not exhibit a preferential accumulation of sucrose in fall.

@article{ogren_fall_1999-1,
	title = {Fall frost resistance in willows used for biomass production. {I}. {Characterization} of seasonal and genetic variation},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0829-318X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.11.749},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/19.11.749},
	abstract = {Fast-growing willow clones (six clones of Salix viminalis L. and one clone each of S. viminalis × S. schwerenii E. Wolf and S. dasyclados Wimm.) were compared with respect to growth rhythm and frost hardening in the fall. Frost resistance of stem tissues was assessed by controlled freezing followed by analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence and scoring of visible cambial discoloration. The fluorescence method proved superior to scoring based on visible cambial discoloration because it was more rapid and less subjective, but needed calibration against cambial damage. Frost hardening in mature parts of stems did not start until growth cessation was initiated in the shoot apices, irrespective of whether growth cessation occurred early or late in the fall. Frost resistance varied because of clonal variations in: (1) pre-hardening frost resistance; (2) timing of growth cessation and hence start of frost hardening; and (3) rate of frost hardening. Compared with coastal and southern clones, continental and northern clones started hardening earlier, and a continental clone proceeded through hardening more rapidly at a given temperature. A cross between a continental and coastal clone was intermediate in timing. The pre-hardening frost resistance, however, was unrelated to both growth and frost hardening characteristics.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Ögren, Erling},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {749--754},
}

Fast-growing willow clones (six clones of Salix viminalis L. and one clone each of S. viminalis × S. schwerenii E. Wolf and S. dasyclados Wimm.) were compared with respect to growth rhythm and frost hardening in the fall. Frost resistance of stem tissues was assessed by controlled freezing followed by analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence and scoring of visible cambial discoloration. The fluorescence method proved superior to scoring based on visible cambial discoloration because it was more rapid and less subjective, but needed calibration against cambial damage. Frost hardening in mature parts of stems did not start until growth cessation was initiated in the shoot apices, irrespective of whether growth cessation occurred early or late in the fall. Frost resistance varied because of clonal variations in: (1) pre-hardening frost resistance; (2) timing of growth cessation and hence start of frost hardening; and (3) rate of frost hardening. Compared with coastal and southern clones, continental and northern clones started hardening earlier, and a continental clone proceeded through hardening more rapidly at a given temperature. A cross between a continental and coastal clone was intermediate in timing. The pre-hardening frost resistance, however, was unrelated to both growth and frost hardening characteristics.

@article{ericsson_high_1999,
	title = {High heritability for heartwood in north {Swedish} {Scots} pine},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {1432-2242},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051128},
	doi = {10.1007/s001220051128},
	abstract = {In 44-year-old full-sibs of north Swedish Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the estimated heritability of heartwood diameter was 0.5 despite the influence of environmental changes (caused by an earlier thinning) which apparently had reduced the heritabilities of height and diameter to around zero. The heritability of bole straightness was estimated to be 0.6. The coefficient of additive genetic variation of heartwood diameter was estimated at 0.2. If a reliable ‘heartwood-meter’ becomes available that allows nondestructive measurements to be rapidly made in the field it should be possible to breed for or against heartwood formation with less effort compared with that required in breeding aimed at improving regular production traits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Genetics},
	author = {Ericsson, T. and Fries, A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {732--735},
}

In 44-year-old full-sibs of north Swedish Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the estimated heritability of heartwood diameter was 0.5 despite the influence of environmental changes (caused by an earlier thinning) which apparently had reduced the heritabilities of height and diameter to around zero. The heritability of bole straightness was estimated to be 0.6. The coefficient of additive genetic variation of heartwood diameter was estimated at 0.2. If a reliable ‘heartwood-meter’ becomes available that allows nondestructive measurements to be rapidly made in the field it should be possible to breed for or against heartwood formation with less effort compared with that required in breeding aimed at improving regular production traits.

@article{andersson_group_1999,
	title = {Group coancestry-controlled selection in a {Pinus} sylvestris {L}. breeding program},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {1432-2242},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051210},
	doi = {10.1007/s001220051210},
	abstract = {Integer Linear Programming was used to maximize genetic gain from selection at a given level of relatedness. Variances and breeding values for total height were available for 296 plus-trees of Pinus sylvestris which had been evaluated by open-pollinated progeny testing at a single test site in northern Sweden. Second-generation breeding and selection scenarios for this breeding population were evaluated using simulated data derived deterministically from normal distributions of estimated breeding values of progeny around mid-parent family means. The study considered two mating designs, assortative and non-assortative single-pair mating, and two selection criteria, individual phenotype and performance of half-sib progeny. Relatedness (group coancestry) was restricted to a level equivalent to that given by within-family selection of 2 trees per family from each of 25 families (the current standard in Sweden). Selection that allows the best-performing families to contribute a greater number of progeny was superior, both when the breeding population size was limited to 50 individuals and when it was allowed to be larger. The selected set giving the greatest average breeding value under restricted group coancestry included the best individual from families that would have been rejected under application of standard within-family selection. We made a comparison of the present value on retrieved gain between phenotypic selection and evaluation by progeny testing.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Genetics},
	author = {Andersson, E. W. and Sánchez Rodríguez, L. and Andersson, B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {73--80},
}

Integer Linear Programming was used to maximize genetic gain from selection at a given level of relatedness. Variances and breeding values for total height were available for 296 plus-trees of Pinus sylvestris which had been evaluated by open-pollinated progeny testing at a single test site in northern Sweden. Second-generation breeding and selection scenarios for this breeding population were evaluated using simulated data derived deterministically from normal distributions of estimated breeding values of progeny around mid-parent family means. The study considered two mating designs, assortative and non-assortative single-pair mating, and two selection criteria, individual phenotype and performance of half-sib progeny. Relatedness (group coancestry) was restricted to a level equivalent to that given by within-family selection of 2 trees per family from each of 25 families (the current standard in Sweden). Selection that allows the best-performing families to contribute a greater number of progeny was superior, both when the breeding population size was limited to 50 individuals and when it was allowed to be larger. The selected set giving the greatest average breeding value under restricted group coancestry included the best individual from families that would have been rejected under application of standard within-family selection. We made a comparison of the present value on retrieved gain between phenotypic selection and evaluation by progeny testing.

@article{garcia_genetic_1999,
	title = {Genetic analysis of apomixis in {Citrus} and {Poncirus} by molecular markers},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {1432-2242},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051264},
	doi = {10.1007/s001220051264},
	abstract = {Propagation of citrus rootstocks depends upon the production of clonal plants from nucellar seedlings. This makes apomixis one of the host important traits in breeding programs for citrus rootstocks. The genetic control of apomixis was studied in a 50-tree progeny derived from the cross C. volkameriana×P. trifoliata using 69 molecular markers and bulked segregant analysis. The proportion of nucellar seedlings was estimated by isoenzymatic analysis of 25 seedlings per tree for 2 consecutive years. The type of embryony (polyembryonic versus monoembryonic seeds) was also determined for fruit-yielding trees. Separate genetic maps for each parental species were developed. The integration and comparison of these maps could be accomplished using common multiallelic segregant loci. Differences in gene synteny between the two species-specific genetic maps were shown. Important distortions in the segregation of markers at several genomic regions, some of them also involving differences in the C-methylation pattern, have been observed, especially for the pollen parent. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed the presence of six genomic positions (two in P. trifoliata and four in C. volkameriana) contributing individually up to 24\% of the total variation for apomixis. Within the same species, QTLs with positive and negative allele effects were present, even in the same linkage group. One of the markers associated to apomixis (Apo2) is also associated to embryony type. Therefore, the genetic control of apomictic reproduction found in citrus (nucellar embryony) is quite complex compared to what has been reported for gametophytic apomixis. Molecular markers linked to QTLs governing apomixis will be useful to assist selection of future apomictic rootstocks for citrus varieties.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Genetics},
	author = {García, R. and Asíns, M. J. and Forner, J. and Carbonell, E. A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {511--518},
}

Propagation of citrus rootstocks depends upon the production of clonal plants from nucellar seedlings. This makes apomixis one of the host important traits in breeding programs for citrus rootstocks. The genetic control of apomixis was studied in a 50-tree progeny derived from the cross C. volkameriana×P. trifoliata using 69 molecular markers and bulked segregant analysis. The proportion of nucellar seedlings was estimated by isoenzymatic analysis of 25 seedlings per tree for 2 consecutive years. The type of embryony (polyembryonic versus monoembryonic seeds) was also determined for fruit-yielding trees. Separate genetic maps for each parental species were developed. The integration and comparison of these maps could be accomplished using common multiallelic segregant loci. Differences in gene synteny between the two species-specific genetic maps were shown. Important distortions in the segregation of markers at several genomic regions, some of them also involving differences in the C-methylation pattern, have been observed, especially for the pollen parent. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed the presence of six genomic positions (two in P. trifoliata and four in C. volkameriana) contributing individually up to 24% of the total variation for apomixis. Within the same species, QTLs with positive and negative allele effects were present, even in the same linkage group. One of the markers associated to apomixis (Apo2) is also associated to embryony type. Therefore, the genetic control of apomictic reproduction found in citrus (nucellar embryony) is quite complex compared to what has been reported for gametophytic apomixis. Molecular markers linked to QTLs governing apomixis will be useful to assist selection of future apomictic rootstocks for citrus varieties.

@article{bila_fertility_1999,
	title = {Fertility variation and its effect on diversity over generations in a teak plantation ({Tectona} grandis {L}.f.)},
	volume = {48},
	abstract = {Flower and fruit production were used to assess plant fertility in a teak (T. grandis) stand in southern Mozambique. The trees varied in fertility, with the 20\% most fertile trees in the stand producing 55\% of the gametes. Formulae to calculate inbreeding, group coancestry and status number over generations were derived. Predictions over 10 generations, assuming random mating, showed that inbreeding and group coancestry accumulated rapidly during the first generations while status number decreased. This loss of diversity was hastened by differences in fertility among parents. Inbreeding and relatedness increased, while diversity decreased at a considerably slower rate, when the contributions of one gender were kept constant. An efficient way to reduce the loss of diversity was to collect equal amounts of seeds from each seed parent contributing to the next generation.},
	journal = {Silvae Genetica},
	author = {Bila, AD and Lindgren, Dag and Mullin, Tim},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {109--114},
}

Flower and fruit production were used to assess plant fertility in a teak (T. grandis) stand in southern Mozambique. The trees varied in fertility, with the 20% most fertile trees in the stand producing 55% of the gametes. Formulae to calculate inbreeding, group coancestry and status number over generations were derived. Predictions over 10 generations, assuming random mating, showed that inbreeding and group coancestry accumulated rapidly during the first generations while status number decreased. This loss of diversity was hastened by differences in fertility among parents. Inbreeding and relatedness increased, while diversity decreased at a considerably slower rate, when the contributions of one gender were kept constant. An efficient way to reduce the loss of diversity was to collect equal amounts of seeds from each seed parent contributing to the next generation.

@article{krol_greening_1999,
	title = {Greening under {High} {Light} or {Cold} {Temperature} {Affects} the {Level}  of {Xanthophyll}-{Cycle} {Pigments}, {Early} {Light}-{Inducible} {Proteins}, and  {Light}-{Harvesting} {Polypeptides} in {Wild}-{Type} {Barley} and the  {Chlorina} f2 {Mutant}},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {0032-0889},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59251/},
	abstract = {Etiolated seedlings of wild type and
 the chlorina f2 mutant of barley (Hordeum
 vulgare) were exposed to greening at either 5°C or 20°C and
 continuous illumination varying from 50 to 800 μmol m−2
 s−1. Exposure to either moderate temperature and high
 light or low temperature and moderate light inhibited chlorophyll
 a and b accumulation in the wild type and
 in the f2 mutant. Continuous illumination under these
 greening conditions resulted in transient accumulations of zeaxanthin,
 concomitant transient decreases in violaxanthin, and fluctuations in
 the epoxidation state of the xanthophyll pool. Photoinhibition-induced
 xanthophyll-cycle activity was detectable after only 3 h of
 greening at 20°C and 250 μmol m−2 s−1.
 Immunoblot analyses of the accumulation of the 14-kD early
 light-inducible protein but not the major (Lhcb2) or minor (Lhcb5)
 light-harvesting polypeptides demonstrated transient kinetics similar
 to those observed for zeaxanthin accumulation during greening at either
 5°C or 20°C for both the wild type and the f2
 mutant. Furthermore, greening of the f2 mutant at either
 5°C or 20°C indicated that Lhcb2 is not essential for the
 regulation of the xanthophyll cycle in barley. These results are
 consistent with the thesis that early light-inducible proteins may bind
 zeaxanthin as well as other xanthophylls and dissipate excess light
 energy to protect the developing photosynthetic apparatus from excess
 excitation. We discuss the role of energy balance and photosystem II
 excitation pressure in the regulation of the xanthophyll cycle during
 chloroplast biogenesis in wild-type barley and the f2
 mutant.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Physiology},
	author = {Król, Marianna and Ivanov, Alexander G. and Jansson, Stefan and Kloppstech, Klaus and Huner, Norman P.A.},
	month = may,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10318697},
	pmcid = {PMC59251},
	pages = {193--204},
}

Etiolated seedlings of wild type and the chlorina f2 mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare) were exposed to greening at either 5°C or 20°C and continuous illumination varying from 50 to 800 μmol m−2 s−1. Exposure to either moderate temperature and high light or low temperature and moderate light inhibited chlorophyll a and b accumulation in the wild type and in the f2 mutant. Continuous illumination under these greening conditions resulted in transient accumulations of zeaxanthin, concomitant transient decreases in violaxanthin, and fluctuations in the epoxidation state of the xanthophyll pool. Photoinhibition-induced xanthophyll-cycle activity was detectable after only 3 h of greening at 20°C and 250 μmol m−2 s−1. Immunoblot analyses of the accumulation of the 14-kD early light-inducible protein but not the major (Lhcb2) or minor (Lhcb5) light-harvesting polypeptides demonstrated transient kinetics similar to those observed for zeaxanthin accumulation during greening at either 5°C or 20°C for both the wild type and the f2 mutant. Furthermore, greening of the f2 mutant at either 5°C or 20°C indicated that Lhcb2 is not essential for the regulation of the xanthophyll cycle in barley. These results are consistent with the thesis that early light-inducible proteins may bind zeaxanthin as well as other xanthophylls and dissipate excess light energy to protect the developing photosynthetic apparatus from excess excitation. We discuss the role of energy balance and photosystem II excitation pressure in the regulation of the xanthophyll cycle during chloroplast biogenesis in wild-type barley and the f2 mutant.

@article{h_arabidopsis_1999,
	title = {The {Arabidopsis} thaliana {ADP} glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit gene, adg2},
	volume = {119},
	journal = {Plant physiology},
	author = {H, Ito and L.N, Sokolov and Kleczkowski, Leszek and Okita, Tom},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1567 (Plant Gene Register)},
}

@article{jansson_proposal_1999,
	title = {A {Proposal} for {Extending} the {Nomenclature} of {Light}-{Harvesting} {Proteins} of the {Three} {Transmembrane} {Helix} {Type}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1572-9818},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007620508007},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1007620508007},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Molecular Biology Reporter},
	author = {Jansson, Stefan and Green, Beverley and Grossman, Arthur R. and Hiller, Roger},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {221--224},
}

@article{shi_characterisation_1999,
	title = {Characterisation of the {PsbX} protein from {Photosystem} {II} and light regulation of its gene expression in higher plants},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1573-5028},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006286706708},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1006286706708},
	abstract = {The location and expression of the previously uncharacterised photosystem II subunit PsbX have been analysed in higher plants. We show that this protein is a component of photosystem II (PSII) core particles but absent from light-harvesting complexes or PSII reaction centres. PsbX is, however, localised to the near vicinity of the reaction centre because it can be cross-linked to cytochrome b559, which is known to be associated with the D1/D2 dimer. We also show that the expression of this protein is tightly regulated by light, since neither protein nor mRNA is found in dark-grown plants.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Plant Molecular Biology},
	author = {Shi, Lan-Xin and Kim, Soo J. and Marchant, Alan and Robinson, Colin and Schröder, Wolfgang P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {737--744},
}

The location and expression of the previously uncharacterised photosystem II subunit PsbX have been analysed in higher plants. We show that this protein is a component of photosystem II (PSII) core particles but absent from light-harvesting complexes or PSII reaction centres. PsbX is, however, localised to the near vicinity of the reaction centre because it can be cross-linked to cytochrome b559, which is known to be associated with the D1/D2 dimer. We also show that the expression of this protein is tightly regulated by light, since neither protein nor mRNA is found in dark-grown plants.

@article{yu_organ_1999,
	title = {Organ identity genes and modified patterns of flower development in {Gerbera} hybrida ({Asteraceae})},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00351.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00351.x},
	abstract = {We have used Gerbera hybrida (the cultivated ornamental, gerbera) to investigate the molecular basis of flower development in Asteraceae, a family of flowering plants that have heteromorphic flowers and specialized floral organs. Flowers of the same genotype may differ in a number of parameters, including sex expression, symmetry, sympetaly and pigmentation. In order to study the role of organ identity determination in these phenomena we isolated and functionally analysed six MADS box genes from gerbera; these were shown by phylogenetic analysis to be orthologous to well characterized regulatory genes described from Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum . Expression analysis suggests that the two gerbera agamous orthologues, the globosa orthologue and one of the deficiens orthologues may have functional equivalency to their counterparts, participating in the C and B functions, respectively. However, the function of a second deficiens orthologue appears unrelated to the B function, and that of a squamosa orthologue seems distinct from squamosa as well as from the A function. The induction patterns of gerbera MADS box genes conform spatiotemporally to the multi-flowered, head-like inflorescence typical of Asteraceae. Furthermore, gerbera plants transgenic for the newly isolated MADS box genes shed light onto the mechanistic basis for some floral characteristics that are typical for Asteraceae. We can conclude, therefore, that the pappus bristles are sepals highly modified for seed dispersal, and that organ abortion in the female marginal flowers is dependent upon organ identity and not organ position when position is homeotically altered.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Yu, Deyue and Kotilainen, Mika and Pöllänen, Eija and Mehto, Merja and Elomaa, Paula and Helariutta, Yrjö and Albert, Victor A. and Teeri, Teemu H.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00351.x},
	pages = {51--62},
}

We have used Gerbera hybrida (the cultivated ornamental, gerbera) to investigate the molecular basis of flower development in Asteraceae, a family of flowering plants that have heteromorphic flowers and specialized floral organs. Flowers of the same genotype may differ in a number of parameters, including sex expression, symmetry, sympetaly and pigmentation. In order to study the role of organ identity determination in these phenomena we isolated and functionally analysed six MADS box genes from gerbera; these were shown by phylogenetic analysis to be orthologous to well characterized regulatory genes described from Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum . Expression analysis suggests that the two gerbera agamous orthologues, the globosa orthologue and one of the deficiens orthologues may have functional equivalency to their counterparts, participating in the C and B functions, respectively. However, the function of a second deficiens orthologue appears unrelated to the B function, and that of a squamosa orthologue seems distinct from squamosa as well as from the A function. The induction patterns of gerbera MADS box genes conform spatiotemporally to the multi-flowered, head-like inflorescence typical of Asteraceae. Furthermore, gerbera plants transgenic for the newly isolated MADS box genes shed light onto the mechanistic basis for some floral characteristics that are typical for Asteraceae. We can conclude, therefore, that the pappus bristles are sepals highly modified for seed dispersal, and that organ abortion in the female marginal flowers is dependent upon organ identity and not organ position when position is homeotically altered.

@article{regan_accurate_1999,
	title = {Accurate and high resolution in situ hybridization analysis of gene expression in secondary stem tissues},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1365-313X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00536.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00536.x},
	abstract = {Accurate in situ hybridization analysis in secondary stem tissues of plants has been hindered by specific characteristics of these tissues. First, secondary cell walls non-specifically bind probes used for in situ hybridization thus preventing gene expression analysis in the lignified regions of the stem, such as the xylem. Second, the mRNA in the cambial meristem and its recent derivatives are prone to inadequate fixation when conventional techniques are used. Here we describe an in situ hybridization technique which uses fast freezing and freeze substitution to cryoimmobilize the mRNA followed by embedding in a methacrylate resin for high-resolution analysis of gene expression. By using a transgenic poplar line harbouring rolC::uidA, rolC::iaaM, the gene expression pattern could be compared with histochemical GUS staining. This in situ hybridization technique results in superior preservation of cellular contents, retention of mRNA in all cell types in the poplar stem, a significant reduction of non-specific binding to secondary cell walls and a resolution not previously possible in secondary tissues. This technique will be particularly valuable for the expression analysis of genes involved in xylogenesis and wood formation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {The Plant Journal},
	author = {Regan, Sharon and Bourquin, Veronica and Tuominen, Hannele and Sundberg, Björn},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00536.x},
	pages = {363--369},
}

Accurate in situ hybridization analysis in secondary stem tissues of plants has been hindered by specific characteristics of these tissues. First, secondary cell walls non-specifically bind probes used for in situ hybridization thus preventing gene expression analysis in the lignified regions of the stem, such as the xylem. Second, the mRNA in the cambial meristem and its recent derivatives are prone to inadequate fixation when conventional techniques are used. Here we describe an in situ hybridization technique which uses fast freezing and freeze substitution to cryoimmobilize the mRNA followed by embedding in a methacrylate resin for high-resolution analysis of gene expression. By using a transgenic poplar line harbouring rolC::uidA, rolC::iaaM, the gene expression pattern could be compared with histochemical GUS staining. This in situ hybridization technique results in superior preservation of cellular contents, retention of mRNA in all cell types in the poplar stem, a significant reduction of non-specific binding to secondary cell walls and a resolution not previously possible in secondary tissues. This technique will be particularly valuable for the expression analysis of genes involved in xylogenesis and wood formation.

@article{hakulinen_leaf_1999,
	title = {Leaf phenolics of three willow clones differing in resistance to {Melampsora} rust infection},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {1399-3054},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105410.x},
	doi = {10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105410.x},
	abstract = {Leaf phenolic composition in three Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. clones (V8, V45, and V43), inoculated with Melampsora rust, was analyzed to detect local rust-induced alterations during different stages of infection (2, 7, and 21 days after inoculation [DAI]). Phenolic levels and percentage of uredial area varied significantly between clones. In the most resistant clone,V8, the levels of some phenolic compounds were lower in rust-infected plants than in control plants at the initial stages of rust infection, suggesting a rapid response of phenolic metabolism to rust attack. Moreover, the clone V8 contained the highest constitutive (+)-catechin level. In clone V45, rust infection caused the most pronounced increase in the levels of individual phenolics at 7 DAI. This increase may have been effective in retarding the subsequent spread and development of rust. In the most susceptible clone V43, rust-induced phenolic responses were less pronounced and delayed. The results suggest that in specific willow-rust interactions, constitutive levels of phenolics, as well as induced phenolic responses, may contribute to the expression of rust resistance. In general, rust-induced alterations in willow phenolic levels are highly specific to genotype and compound and vary depending on the stage of rust development.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
	author = {Hakulinen, Johanna and Sorjonen, Sanja and Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105410.x},
	pages = {662--669},
}

Leaf phenolic composition in three Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. clones (V8, V45, and V43), inoculated with Melampsora rust, was analyzed to detect local rust-induced alterations during different stages of infection (2, 7, and 21 days after inoculation [DAI]). Phenolic levels and percentage of uredial area varied significantly between clones. In the most resistant clone,V8, the levels of some phenolic compounds were lower in rust-infected plants than in control plants at the initial stages of rust infection, suggesting a rapid response of phenolic metabolism to rust attack. Moreover, the clone V8 contained the highest constitutive (+)-catechin level. In clone V45, rust infection caused the most pronounced increase in the levels of individual phenolics at 7 DAI. This increase may have been effective in retarding the subsequent spread and development of rust. In the most susceptible clone V43, rust-induced phenolic responses were less pronounced and delayed. The results suggest that in specific willow-rust interactions, constitutive levels of phenolics, as well as induced phenolic responses, may contribute to the expression of rust resistance. In general, rust-induced alterations in willow phenolic levels are highly specific to genotype and compound and vary depending on the stage of rust development.

@article{delarue_increased_1999,
	title = {Increased auxin efflux in the {IAA}-overproducing sur1 mutant of {Arabidopsis} thaliana: {A} mechanism of reducing auxin levels?},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {1399-3054},
	shorttitle = {Increased auxin efflux in the {IAA}-overproducing sur1 mutant of {Arabidopsis} thaliana},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100116.x},
	doi = {10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100116.x},
	abstract = {With the aim of investigating the mechanisms that maintain auxin homeostasis in plants, we have monitored the net uptake and metabolism of exogenously supplied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA) in seedlings of wild type and the IAA-overproducing mutant sur1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Tritiated IAA and NAA entered the seedling tissues within minutes and were mostly accumulated as metabolites, probably amino acid and sugar conjugates. The mutant seedlings were marked by a strong increase of [3H]IAA metabolism and a reduction of the accumulation levels of both free [3H]IAA and [3H]NAA. The same characteristics were observed in wild-type seedlings grown on 5 μM picloram. We measured [3H]NAA uptake in the presence of high concentrations of unlabeled NAA or the auxin efflux carrier inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This abolished the difference in free [3H]NAA accumulation between the mutant or picloram-treated seedlings and wild-type seedlings. These data indicated that active auxin efflux carriers were present in Arabidopsis seedling tissues. Picloram-treated seedlings and seedlings of the IAA-overproducing mutant sur1 displayed increased auxin efflux carrier activity as well as elevated conjugation of IAA. There is previous evidence to suggest that conjugation is a means to remove excess IAA in plant cells. Here, we discuss the possibility of efflux constituting an additional mechanism for regulating free IAA levels in the face of an excess auxin supply.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
	author = {Delarue, Marianne and Muller, Philimppe and Bellini, Catherine and Delbarre, Alain},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100116.x},
	pages = {120--127},
}

With the aim of investigating the mechanisms that maintain auxin homeostasis in plants, we have monitored the net uptake and metabolism of exogenously supplied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA) in seedlings of wild type and the IAA-overproducing mutant sur1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Tritiated IAA and NAA entered the seedling tissues within minutes and were mostly accumulated as metabolites, probably amino acid and sugar conjugates. The mutant seedlings were marked by a strong increase of [3H]IAA metabolism and a reduction of the accumulation levels of both free [3H]IAA and [3H]NAA. The same characteristics were observed in wild-type seedlings grown on 5 μM picloram. We measured [3H]NAA uptake in the presence of high concentrations of unlabeled NAA or the auxin efflux carrier inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This abolished the difference in free [3H]NAA accumulation between the mutant or picloram-treated seedlings and wild-type seedlings. These data indicated that active auxin efflux carriers were present in Arabidopsis seedling tissues. Picloram-treated seedlings and seedlings of the IAA-overproducing mutant sur1 displayed increased auxin efflux carrier activity as well as elevated conjugation of IAA. There is previous evidence to suggest that conjugation is a means to remove excess IAA in plant cells. Here, we discuss the possibility of efflux constituting an additional mechanism for regulating free IAA levels in the face of an excess auxin supply.

@article{campbell_oxygen-dependent_1999,
	title = {Oxygen-dependent electron flow influences photosystem {II} function and {psbA} gene expression in the cyanobacterium {Synechococcus} sp. {PCC} 7942},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {1399-3054},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105420.x},
	doi = {10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105420.x},
	abstract = {During acclimated growth in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 a substantial proportion of the electrons extracted from water by photosystem II ultimately flow back to oxygen. This flow increases rapidly under high light, which allows Synechococcus to maintain photosystem II centers largely open, even under excessive excitation. The electron flow to oxygen with increasing light accounts for the progressive discrepancy between the light response curve of measured oxygen evolution, and the light response curve of photosystem II activity estimated from fluorescence measures. In cells under anoxia this flexible electron sink is lost and photosystem II centers suffer partial closure at the growth light intensity, with closure becoming more severe under excess light. As predicted from earlier work this PSII closure results in rapid loss of psbAI message, encoding the D1:1 protein of PSII, and induction of psbAII/AIII encoding the alternate D1:2 protein. The changes in the mRNA pool are not, however, reflected at the protein level, and D1:1 remains in the thylakoid membranes. There is no accumulation of D1:2, despite some continued synthesis of other proteins. PSII closure, therefore, results in repression of psbAI and induction psbAII/AIII expression, but D1:1/D1:2 exchange is blocked by anoxia, downstream from transcription. D1:1 protein and PSII activity are quite stable under anoxia and moderate illumination. Nevertheless, upon recovery under oxygenic conditions, the existing D1:1 is lost from the membranes, resulting in a transient drop in PSII activity. This suggests that under normal conditions the cells use oxygen to facilitate preemptive turnover of D1 proteins.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
	author = {Campbell, Douglas and Clarke, Adrian K. and Gustafsson, Petter and Öquist, Gunnar},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105420.x},
	pages = {746--755},
}

During acclimated growth in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 a substantial proportion of the electrons extracted from water by photosystem II ultimately flow back to oxygen. This flow increases rapidly under high light, which allows Synechococcus to maintain photosystem II centers largely open, even under excessive excitation. The electron flow to oxygen with increasing light accounts for the progressive discrepancy between the light response curve of measured oxygen evolution, and the light response curve of photosystem II activity estimated from fluorescence measures. In cells under anoxia this flexible electron sink is lost and photosystem II centers suffer partial closure at the growth light intensity, with closure becoming more severe under excess light. As predicted from earlier work this PSII closure results in rapid loss of psbAI message, encoding the D1:1 protein of PSII, and induction of psbAII/AIII encoding the alternate D1:2 protein. The changes in the mRNA pool are not, however, reflected at the protein level, and D1:1 remains in the thylakoid membranes. There is no accumulation of D1:2, despite some continued synthesis of other proteins. PSII closure, therefore, results in repression of psbAI and induction psbAII/AIII expression, but D1:1/D1:2 exchange is blocked by anoxia, downstream from transcription. D1:1 protein and PSII activity are quite stable under anoxia and moderate illumination. Nevertheless, upon recovery under oxygenic conditions, the existing D1:1 is lost from the membranes, resulting in a transient drop in PSII activity. This suggests that under normal conditions the cells use oxygen to facilitate preemptive turnover of D1 proteins.

@article{hogberg_nitrogen_1999,
	title = {Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrogen uptake by ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal {Pinus} sylvestris},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {1469-8137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00404.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00404.x},
	abstract = {An experiment was performed to find out whether ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi alter the nitrogen (N) isotope composition, δ15N, of N during the transport of N from the soil through the fungus into the plant. Non- mycorrhizal seedlings of Pinus sylvestris were compared with seedlings inoculated with either of three ECM fungi, Paxillus involutus, Suillus bovinus and S. variegatus. Plants were raised in sand in pots supplied with a nutrient solution with N given as either NH4+ or NO3−. Fractionation against 15N was observed with both N sources; it decreased with increasing plant N uptake, and was larger when NH4+ was the source. At high ratios of Nuptake/Nsupplied there was no (NO3−), or little (NH4+), fractionation. There seemed to be no difference in fractionation between ECM and non-mycorrhizal plants, but fungal rhizomorphs were sometimes enriched in 15N (up to 5‰ at most) relative to plant material; they were also enriched relative to the N source. However, this enrichment of the fungal material was calculated to cause only a marginal decrease (−0.1‰ in P. involutus) in δ15N of the N passing from the substrate through the fungus to the host, which is explained by the small size of the fungal N pool relative to the total N of the plant, i.e. the high efficiency of transfer. We conclude that the relatively high 15N abundance observed in ECM fungal species should be a function of fungal physiology in the ECM symbiosis, rather than a reflection of the isotopic signature of the N source(s) used. This experiment also shows that the δ15N of plant N is a good approximation of δ15N of the available N source(s), provided that N is limiting growth.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Högberg, Peter and Högberg, Mona N. and Quist, Maud E. and Ekblad, Alf and Näsholm, Torgny},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00404.x},
	keywords = {ectomycorrhiza, nitrogen, stable isotopes, trees, δ15N},
	pages = {569--576},
}

An experiment was performed to find out whether ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi alter the nitrogen (N) isotope composition, δ15N, of N during the transport of N from the soil through the fungus into the plant. Non- mycorrhizal seedlings of Pinus sylvestris were compared with seedlings inoculated with either of three ECM fungi, Paxillus involutus, Suillus bovinus and S. variegatus. Plants were raised in sand in pots supplied with a nutrient solution with N given as either NH4+ or NO3−. Fractionation against 15N was observed with both N sources; it decreased with increasing plant N uptake, and was larger when NH4+ was the source. At high ratios of Nuptake/Nsupplied there was no (NO3−), or little (NH4+), fractionation. There seemed to be no difference in fractionation between ECM and non-mycorrhizal plants, but fungal rhizomorphs were sometimes enriched in 15N (up to 5‰ at most) relative to plant material; they were also enriched relative to the N source. However, this enrichment of the fungal material was calculated to cause only a marginal decrease (−0.1‰ in P. involutus) in δ15N of the N passing from the substrate through the fungus to the host, which is explained by the small size of the fungal N pool relative to the total N of the plant, i.e. the high efficiency of transfer. We conclude that the relatively high 15N abundance observed in ECM fungal species should be a function of fungal physiology in the ECM symbiosis, rather than a reflection of the isotopic signature of the N source(s) used. This experiment also shows that the δ15N of plant N is a good approximation of δ15N of the available N source(s), provided that N is limiting growth.

@article{wennstrom_mechanizsed_1999,
	title = {Mechanizsed microsite preparation and direct seeding of {Pinus} sylvestris in boreal forests — a way to create desired spacing at low cost},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1573-5095},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006506431344},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1006506431344},
	abstract = {The main objective of this study was to examine the cost, flexibility, and appropriate scale of mechanized microsite preparation (MP), in combination with mechanical direct seeding of Pinus sylvestris L. with orchard seed. This technique was tested at four boreal forest sites in Northern Sweden. Orchard and stand seeds were sown with and without MP. The use of orchard seed increased seedling establishment by 41\% and the use of MP increased seedling establishment by 47\%, respectively, after two years. The best substrates for sowing when using MP were OAh-, E- and BC-horizon, in ranked order. The use of orchard seed compared to stand seed increased mean seedling height by 25\% after four years. These trials suggest that to obtain a density of 5,000 stems ha-1 four years after seeding, 61,000 viable stand seeds or 41,000 orchard seeds ha-1 should be sown if MP is not used. If MP is used, seeding rate could be reduced by about 32\%. By using MP, and by further improving scarification technique so that all scarified area is thin OAh-horizon, we predict that only 32,000 stand seeds or 22,000 orchard seeds ha-1, i.e., half the dosage, should be needed. Under these optimal conditions, it would be necessary to sow about six and four germinable stand and orchard seeds, respectively, to ensure one seedling after four years. Furthermore, regeneration cost would be less than a third that of planting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {New Forests},
	author = {Wennström, Ulfstand and Bergsten, Urban and Nilsson, Jan-Erik},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {179--198},
}

The main objective of this study was to examine the cost, flexibility, and appropriate scale of mechanized microsite preparation (MP), in combination with mechanical direct seeding of Pinus sylvestris L. with orchard seed. This technique was tested at four boreal forest sites in Northern Sweden. Orchard and stand seeds were sown with and without MP. The use of orchard seed increased seedling establishment by 41% and the use of MP increased seedling establishment by 47%, respectively, after two years. The best substrates for sowing when using MP were OAh-, E- and BC-horizon, in ranked order. The use of orchard seed compared to stand seed increased mean seedling height by 25% after four years. These trials suggest that to obtain a density of 5,000 stems ha-1 four years after seeding, 61,000 viable stand seeds or 41,000 orchard seeds ha-1 should be sown if MP is not used. If MP is used, seeding rate could be reduced by about 32%. By using MP, and by further improving scarification technique so that all scarified area is thin OAh-horizon, we predict that only 32,000 stand seeds or 22,000 orchard seeds ha-1, i.e., half the dosage, should be needed. Under these optimal conditions, it would be necessary to sow about six and four germinable stand and orchard seeds, respectively, to ensure one seedling after four years. Furthermore, regeneration cost would be less than a third that of planting.

@article{kim_distinct_1999,
	title = {Distinct “{Assisted}” and “{Spontaneous}” {Mechanisms} for the {Insertion} of {Polytopic} {Chlorophyll}-binding {Proteins} into the {Thylakoid} {Membrane}*},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0021-9258},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925819877876},
	doi = {10.1074/jbc.274.8.4715},
	abstract = {The biogenesis of several bacterial polytopic membrane proteins has been shown to require signal recognition particle (SRP) and protein transport machinery, and one such protein, the major light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein (LHCP) exhibits these requirements in chloroplasts. In this report we have used in vitro insertion assays to analyze four additional members of the chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein family. We show that two members, Lhca1 and Lhcb5, display an absolute requirement for stroma, nucleoside triphosphates, and protein transport apparatus, indicating an “assisted” pathway that probably resembles that of LHCP. Two other members, however, namely an early light-inducible protein 2 (Elip2) and photosystem II subunit S (PsbS), can insert efficiently in the complete absence of SRP, SecA activity, nucleoside triphosphates, or a functional Sec system. The data suggest a possibly spontaneous insertion mechanism that, to date, has been characterized only for simple single-span proteins. Of the membrane proteins whose insertion into thylakoids has been analyzed, five have now been shown to insert by a SRP/Sec-independent mechanism, suggesting that this is a mainstream form of targeting pathway. We also show that PsbS and Elip2 molecules are capable of following either “unassisted” or assisted pathways, and we discuss the implications for the mechanism and role of SRP in chloroplasts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
	author = {Kim, Soo Jung and Jansson, Stefan and Hoffman, Neil E. and Robinson, Colin and Mant, Alexandra},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {4715--4721},
}

The biogenesis of several bacterial polytopic membrane proteins has been shown to require signal recognition particle (SRP) and protein transport machinery, and one such protein, the major light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein (LHCP) exhibits these requirements in chloroplasts. In this report we have used in vitro insertion assays to analyze four additional members of the chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein family. We show that two members, Lhca1 and Lhcb5, display an absolute requirement for stroma, nucleoside triphosphates, and protein transport apparatus, indicating an “assisted” pathway that probably resembles that of LHCP. Two other members, however, namely an early light-inducible protein 2 (Elip2) and photosystem II subunit S (PsbS), can insert efficiently in the complete absence of SRP, SecA activity, nucleoside triphosphates, or a functional Sec system. The data suggest a possibly spontaneous insertion mechanism that, to date, has been characterized only for simple single-span proteins. Of the membrane proteins whose insertion into thylakoids has been analyzed, five have now been shown to insert by a SRP/Sec-independent mechanism, suggesting that this is a mainstream form of targeting pathway. We also show that PsbS and Elip2 molecules are capable of following either “unassisted” or assisted pathways, and we discuss the implications for the mechanism and role of SRP in chloroplasts.

@article{temnerud_induction_1999,
	title = {Induction of {Resin} {Pockets} in {Seedlings} of {Pinus} sylvestris {L}. by {Mechanical} {Bending} {Stress} during {Growth}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1437-434X},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/HF.1999.064/html},
	doi = {10.1515/HF.1999.064},
	abstract = {Mechanical bending stress due to wind exposure has been suggested to be of major importance for induction of resin pockets in gymnosperm trees. In this study, this idea was tested experimentally by applying bending stress to 1-year-old internodes of five-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings during dormancy and/or growth. The stems were bent manually to 30° from their original upright position at regular intervals. About 30\% of the stems that were bent during growth were wounded in the xylem, whereas no wounding was observed in control stems or stems bent during dormancy. Similarity of these wounds to naturally-occurring resin pockets leads us to conclude that exposure of seedlings to mechanical bending stress due to wind during growth can be a source of formation of resin pockets.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	author = {Temnerud, Erik and Valinger, Erik and Sundberg, Björn},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter
Section: Holzforschung},
	pages = {386--390},
}

Mechanical bending stress due to wind exposure has been suggested to be of major importance for induction of resin pockets in gymnosperm trees. In this study, this idea was tested experimentally by applying bending stress to 1-year-old internodes of five-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings during dormancy and/or growth. The stems were bent manually to 30° from their original upright position at regular intervals. About 30% of the stems that were bent during growth were wounded in the xylem, whereas no wounding was observed in control stems or stems bent during dormancy. Similarity of these wounds to naturally-occurring resin pockets leads us to conclude that exposure of seedlings to mechanical bending stress due to wind during growth can be a source of formation of resin pockets.

@article{waldmann_effect_1999,
	title = {The effect of inbreeding and population hybridization on developmental instability in petals and leaves of the rare plant {Silene} diclinis ({Caryophyllaceae})},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {1999 The Genetical Society of Great Britain},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/6885450},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00545.x},
	abstract = {Studies of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability (DI), may provide insights into the importance of genetic factors in the long-term survival of small and isolated populations. In the present study of the rare, endemic plant Silene diclinis, I tested how moderate inbreeding within populations (full-sib crosses) and hybridization between populations influenced levels of developmental instability of petals and leaves, using plants derived from controlled crosses and raised under uniform growth conditions. The area and length of petals and leaves were digitized and measured with an image analysis system, but only bifid petals could be tested for true fluctuating asymmetry (normally distributed left-minus-right values with a mean of zero). Based on a bootstrap procedure, I found little evidence for directional asymmetry and antisymmetry in the area and length of the two lobes of the petals. Only the length measurements showed a significant leptokurtic distribution, which may reflect limited resolution (too few classes) in the image analysis system. Randomization tests were performed to test for differences between crossing treatments. Levels of FA of petal area and petal length were significantly higher for both the inbred and the interpopulation hybrid progenies relative to offspring from crosses between unrelated plants from the same population (control). There was no significant treatment effect on DI of leaves. Comparison of plants in the control group revealed that DI of leaf area was significantly higher than FA of petal area, and that these parameters were uncorrelated. This study demonstrates that FA of petals in Silene diclinis is sensitive to moderate levels of inbreeding and outbreeding, and therefore might serve as an indicator of genetic stress.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Waldmann, Patrik},
	month = aug,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a
Cg\_type: Nature Research Journals
Number: 2
Primary\_atype: Research
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Biomedicine, Cytogenetics, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Human Genetics, Plant Genetics and Genomics, general},
	pages = {138--144},
}

Studies of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability (DI), may provide insights into the importance of genetic factors in the long-term survival of small and isolated populations. In the present study of the rare, endemic plant Silene diclinis, I tested how moderate inbreeding within populations (full-sib crosses) and hybridization between populations influenced levels of developmental instability of petals and leaves, using plants derived from controlled crosses and raised under uniform growth conditions. The area and length of petals and leaves were digitized and measured with an image analysis system, but only bifid petals could be tested for true fluctuating asymmetry (normally distributed left-minus-right values with a mean of zero). Based on a bootstrap procedure, I found little evidence for directional asymmetry and antisymmetry in the area and length of the two lobes of the petals. Only the length measurements showed a significant leptokurtic distribution, which may reflect limited resolution (too few classes) in the image analysis system. Randomization tests were performed to test for differences between crossing treatments. Levels of FA of petal area and petal length were significantly higher for both the inbred and the interpopulation hybrid progenies relative to offspring from crosses between unrelated plants from the same population (control). There was no significant treatment effect on DI of leaves. Comparison of plants in the control group revealed that DI of leaf area was significantly higher than FA of petal area, and that these parameters were uncorrelated. This study demonstrates that FA of petals in Silene diclinis is sensitive to moderate levels of inbreeding and outbreeding, and therefore might serve as an indicator of genetic stress.

@article{waldmann_multilocus_1999,
	title = {Multilocus and {Multitrait} {Differentiation} of {Populations} of the {Locally} {Rare} {Plant} {Scabiosa} {Canescens} and the more {Common} {S}. {Columbaria}},
	volume = {130},
	issn = {1601-5223},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00341.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00341.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Hereditas},
	author = {Waldmann, Patrik and Andersson, Stefan},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00341.x},
	pages = {341--343},
}

@article{sundberg_lichen_1999,
	title = {Lichen respiration in relation to active time, temperature, nitrogen and ergosterol concentrations},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00295.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00295.x},
	abstract = {1. Respiration in eight lichen species was related to thallus hydration status, external temperature and to total nitrogen, chitin and ergosterol concentrations. Chitin is a nitrogenous and major compound of the fungal cell wall, and ergosterol is a sterol of the plasma membrane in fungi and sometimes in algae. 2. Hydration of previously dry thalli resulted in an initially high rate of respiration. Both the amplitude of this resaturation respiration and the time required to reach steady state varied among species. Generally, peak rates were one to three times higher than steady-state rates, which were reached 3–7 h after hydration. 3. Increases in external temperature also resulted in transient bursts in respiration. Again, both the amplitude of the burst and the time required to reach steady state varied among species. Also depending on species, a temperature increase from 5 to 15 °C resulted in two- to fivefold increases in steady-state respiration. 4. Steady-state respiration, at optimal thallus hydration and a given temperature, varied three- to sixfold among the species, when related to thallus dry mass. This difference correlated best (r2 = 0·89) with their ergosterol concentration, where a doubling in ergosterol resulted in more than a doubling in respiration. Respiration correlated less well to total nitrogen or chitin. 5. The chitin to ergosterol ratio varied more than one order of magnitude between the species, where species with high nitrogen concentrations had the highest ratio. This implies that species with access to ample amounts of nitrogen can make more fungal cell walls in relation to plasma membrane surface area.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Sundberg, B. and Ekblad, A. and Näsholm, T. and Palmqvist, K.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00295.x},
	keywords = {Biomass, chitin, microclimate, plasma membrane},
	pages = {119--125},
}

1. Respiration in eight lichen species was related to thallus hydration status, external temperature and to total nitrogen, chitin and ergosterol concentrations. Chitin is a nitrogenous and major compound of the fungal cell wall, and ergosterol is a sterol of the plasma membrane in fungi and sometimes in algae. 2. Hydration of previously dry thalli resulted in an initially high rate of respiration. Both the amplitude of this resaturation respiration and the time required to reach steady state varied among species. Generally, peak rates were one to three times higher than steady-state rates, which were reached 3–7 h after hydration. 3. Increases in external temperature also resulted in transient bursts in respiration. Again, both the amplitude of the burst and the time required to reach steady state varied among species. Also depending on species, a temperature increase from 5 to 15 °C resulted in two- to fivefold increases in steady-state respiration. 4. Steady-state respiration, at optimal thallus hydration and a given temperature, varied three- to sixfold among the species, when related to thallus dry mass. This difference correlated best (r2 = 0·89) with their ergosterol concentration, where a doubling in ergosterol resulted in more than a doubling in respiration. Respiration correlated less well to total nitrogen or chitin. 5. The chitin to ergosterol ratio varied more than one order of magnitude between the species, where species with high nitrogen concentrations had the highest ratio. This implies that species with access to ample amounts of nitrogen can make more fungal cell walls in relation to plasma membrane surface area.

@article{rojdestvenski_robustness_1999,
	title = {Robustness and time-scale hierarchy in biological systems},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0303-2647},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264798000926},
	doi = {10.1016/S0303-2647(98)00092-6},
	abstract = {This study addresses the issue of robustness of biological systems with respect to microscopic parameters, especially the emergence of robustness as a consequence of time-scale hierarchy, applying naı\&\#x0308;ve thermodynamic and dynamic assumptions. Theoretical considerations of how the time-scale hierarchy can decouple physiological regulatory mechanisms are illustrated by two model systems involving the photosynthetic apparatus of green plants.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Biosystems},
	author = {Rojdestvenski, Igor and Cottam, Michael and Park, Youn-Il and Öquist, Gunnar},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Green plants, Photosynthetic apparatus, Robustness, Time scale-hierachy},
	pages = {71--82},
}

This study addresses the issue of robustness of biological systems with respect to microscopic parameters, especially the emergence of robustness as a consequence of time-scale hierarchy, applying naı̈ve thermodynamic and dynamic assumptions. Theoretical considerations of how the time-scale hierarchy can decouple physiological regulatory mechanisms are illustrated by two model systems involving the photosynthetic apparatus of green plants.

@article{funk_cyanobacterial_1999,
	title = {A {Cyanobacterial} {Gene} {Family} {Coding} for {Single}-{Helix} {Proteins} {Resembling} {Part} of the {Light}-{Harvesting} {Proteins} from {Higher} {Plants}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0006-2960},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/bi990545+},
	doi = {10.1021/bi990545+},
	abstract = {In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 five genes were identified with significant sequence similarity to regions of members of the eukaryotic chlorophyll a/b binding gene family (Cab family) and to hliA, a gene coding for a small high-light-induced protein in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Four of these five genes are 174−213 bp in length and code for small proteins predicted to have a single transmembrane helix. The fifth Cab-like gene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is much longer and codes for a protein of which the N-terminal 80\% resemble ferrochelatase but the C-terminal domain has similarity to Cab regions. The small genes were expressed preferentially in the absence of photosystem I, but gene expression was not significantly enhanced at moderately high light intensity. Therefore they were not designated as hli (high-light-induced) as was done for the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 homolog. Instead, the genes have been named scp, as the corresponding polypeptides of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 are small Cab-like proteins (SCP). The scpA gene, which codes for ferrochelatase with a C-terminal Cab-like extension, was interrupted by the insertion of a kanamycin-resistance cassette between the ferrochelatase and Cab-like gene domains. In the PS I-less background, interruption of scpA was found to lead to increased tolerance to high light intensity and to the requirement of a slightly higher light intensity to drive photosystem II electron transfer, suggestive of decreased light-harvesting efficiency in the absence of the C-terminal extension of ScpA. Immunodetection of ScpC and ScpD indicated that either or both accumulated in PS I-less strains. These proteins were also detected in bands of more than 45 kDa on denaturing gels, raising the possibility that they may occur as stable oligomers. The SCPs represent a new group of cyanobacterial proteins that, in view of their primary structure and response to deletion of photosystem I, are likely to be involved in transient pigment binding.},
	number = {29},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Biochemistry},
	author = {Funk, Christiane and Vermaas, Wim},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society},
	pages = {9397--9404},
}

In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 five genes were identified with significant sequence similarity to regions of members of the eukaryotic chlorophyll a/b binding gene family (Cab family) and to hliA, a gene coding for a small high-light-induced protein in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Four of these five genes are 174−213 bp in length and code for small proteins predicted to have a single transmembrane helix. The fifth Cab-like gene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is much longer and codes for a protein of which the N-terminal 80% resemble ferrochelatase but the C-terminal domain has similarity to Cab regions. The small genes were expressed preferentially in the absence of photosystem I, but gene expression was not significantly enhanced at moderately high light intensity. Therefore they were not designated as hli (high-light-induced) as was done for the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 homolog. Instead, the genes have been named scp, as the corresponding polypeptides of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 are small Cab-like proteins (SCP). The scpA gene, which codes for ferrochelatase with a C-terminal Cab-like extension, was interrupted by the insertion of a kanamycin-resistance cassette between the ferrochelatase and Cab-like gene domains. In the PS I-less background, interruption of scpA was found to lead to increased tolerance to high light intensity and to the requirement of a slightly higher light intensity to drive photosystem II electron transfer, suggestive of decreased light-harvesting efficiency in the absence of the C-terminal extension of ScpA. Immunodetection of ScpC and ScpD indicated that either or both accumulated in PS I-less strains. These proteins were also detected in bands of more than 45 kDa on denaturing gels, raising the possibility that they may occur as stable oligomers. The SCPs represent a new group of cyanobacterial proteins that, in view of their primary structure and response to deletion of photosystem I, are likely to be involved in transient pigment binding.

@article{dejardin_sugarosmoticum_1999,
	title = {Sugar/osmoticum levels modulate differential abscisic acid-independent expression of two stress-responsive sucrose synthase genes in {Arabidopsis}},
	volume = {344},
	issn = {0264-6021},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3440503},
	doi = {10.1042/bj3440503},
	abstract = {Sucrose synthase (Sus) is a key enzyme of sucrose metabolism. Two Sus-encoding genes (Sus1 and Sus2) from Arabidopsis thaliana were found to be profoundly and differentially regulated in leaves exposed to environmental stresses (cold stress, drought or O2 deficiency). Transcript levels of Sus1 increased on exposure to cold and drought, whereas Sus2 mRNA was induced specifically by O2 deficiency. Both cold and drought exposures induced the accumulation of soluble sugars and caused a decrease in leaf osmotic potential, whereas O2 deficiency was characterized by a nearly complete depletion in sugars. Feeding abscisic acid (ABA) to detached leaves or subjecting Arabidopsis ABA-deficient mutants to cold stress conditions had no effect on the expression profiles of Sus1 or Sus2, whereas feeding metabolizable sugars (sucrose or glucose) or non-metabolizable osmotica [poly(ethylene glycol), sorbitol or mannitol] mimicked the effects of osmotic stress on Sus1 expression in detached leaves. By using various sucrose/mannitol solutions, we demonstrated that Sus1 was up-regulated by a decrease in leaf osmotic potential rather than an increase in sucrose concentration itself. We suggest that Sus1 expression is regulated via an ABA-independent signal transduction pathway that is related to the perception of a decrease in leaf osmotic potential during stresses. In contrast, the expression of Sus2 was independent of sugar/osmoticum effects, suggesting the involvement of a signal transduction mechanism distinct from that regulating Sus1 expression. The differential stress-responsive regulation of Sus genes in leaves might represent part of a general cellular response to the allocation of carbohydrates during acclimation processes.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Biochemical Journal},
	author = {DÉJARDIN, Annabelle and SOKOLOV, Lubomir N. and KLECZKOWSKI, Leszek A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {503--509},
}

Sucrose synthase (Sus) is a key enzyme of sucrose metabolism. Two Sus-encoding genes (Sus1 and Sus2) from Arabidopsis thaliana were found to be profoundly and differentially regulated in leaves exposed to environmental stresses (cold stress, drought or O2 deficiency). Transcript levels of Sus1 increased on exposure to cold and drought, whereas Sus2 mRNA was induced specifically by O2 deficiency. Both cold and drought exposures induced the accumulation of soluble sugars and caused a decrease in leaf osmotic potential, whereas O2 deficiency was characterized by a nearly complete depletion in sugars. Feeding abscisic acid (ABA) to detached leaves or subjecting Arabidopsis ABA-deficient mutants to cold stress conditions had no effect on the expression profiles of Sus1 or Sus2, whereas feeding metabolizable sugars (sucrose or glucose) or non-metabolizable osmotica [poly(ethylene glycol), sorbitol or mannitol] mimicked the effects of osmotic stress on Sus1 expression in detached leaves. By using various sucrose/mannitol solutions, we demonstrated that Sus1 was up-regulated by a decrease in leaf osmotic potential rather than an increase in sucrose concentration itself. We suggest that Sus1 expression is regulated via an ABA-independent signal transduction pathway that is related to the perception of a decrease in leaf osmotic potential during stresses. In contrast, the expression of Sus2 was independent of sugar/osmoticum effects, suggesting the involvement of a signal transduction mechanism distinct from that regulating Sus1 expression. The differential stress-responsive regulation of Sus genes in leaves might represent part of a general cellular response to the allocation of carbohydrates during acclimation processes.

@article{bykova_two_1999,
	title = {Two {Separate} {Transhydrogenase} {Activities} {Are} {Present} in {Plant} {Mitochondria}},
	volume = {265},
	issn = {0006-291X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X99916273},
	doi = {10.1006/bbrc.1999.1627},
	abstract = {Inside-out submitochondrial particles from both potato tubers and pea leaves catalyze the transfer of hydride equivalents from NADPH to NAD+ as monitored with a substrate-regenerating system. The NAD+ analogue acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide is also reduced by NADPH and incomplete inhibition by the complex I inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) indicates that two enzymes are involved in this reaction. Gel-filtration chromatography of solubilized mitochondrial membrane complexes confirms that the DPI-sensitive TH activity is due to NADH–ubiquinone oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.5.3, complex I), whereas the DPI-insensitive activity is due to a separate enzyme eluting around 220 kDa. The DPI-insensitive TH activity is specific for the 4B proton on NADH, whereas there is no indication of a 4A-specific activity characteristic of a mammalian-type energy-linked TH. The DPI-insensitive TH may be similar to the soluble type of transhydrogenase found in, e.g., Pseudomonas. The presence of non-energy-linked TH activities directly coupling the matrix NAD(H) and NADP(H) pools will have important consequences for the regulation of NADP-linked processes in plant mitochondria.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications},
	author = {Bykova, Natalia V. and Rasmusson, Allan G. and Igamberdiev, Abir U. and Gardeström, Per and Møller, Ian M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {106--111},
}

Inside-out submitochondrial particles from both potato tubers and pea leaves catalyze the transfer of hydride equivalents from NADPH to NAD+ as monitored with a substrate-regenerating system. The NAD+ analogue acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide is also reduced by NADPH and incomplete inhibition by the complex I inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) indicates that two enzymes are involved in this reaction. Gel-filtration chromatography of solubilized mitochondrial membrane complexes confirms that the DPI-sensitive TH activity is due to NADH–ubiquinone oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.5.3, complex I), whereas the DPI-insensitive activity is due to a separate enzyme eluting around 220 kDa. The DPI-insensitive TH activity is specific for the 4B proton on NADH, whereas there is no indication of a 4A-specific activity characteristic of a mammalian-type energy-linked TH. The DPI-insensitive TH may be similar to the soluble type of transhydrogenase found in, e.g., Pseudomonas. The presence of non-energy-linked TH activities directly coupling the matrix NAD(H) and NADP(H) pools will have important consequences for the regulation of NADP-linked processes in plant mitochondria.

@article{krupa_cadmium-affected_1999,
	title = {Cadmium-affected level of inorganic phosphate in rye leaves influences {Rubisco} subunits},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1861-1664},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-999-0040-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s11738-999-0040-x},
	abstract = {Heavy metals, like Cd, decrease intracellular levels of essential mineral nutrient elements. Here we show the effects of the interaction between Cd and inorganic phosphate and its effects on some aspects of the photosynthetic competence of first rye leaves. The decrease in the level of small and large Rubisco subunits in the leaves of Cd-treated seedlings is discussed both in terms of the recovering effect of an additional Pi supply to the leaves, as well as of direct and indirect mechanisms of Cd-toxicity towards photosynthesis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-11-08},
	journal = {Acta Physiologiae Plantarum},
	author = {Krupa, Zbigniew and Siedlecka, Anna and Kleczkowski, Leszek A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {257--261},
}

Heavy metals, like Cd, decrease intracellular levels of essential mineral nutrient elements. Here we show the effects of the interaction between Cd and inorganic phosphate and its effects on some aspects of the photosynthetic competence of first rye leaves. The decrease in the level of small and large Rubisco subunits in the leaves of Cd-treated seedlings is discussed both in terms of the recovering effect of an additional Pi supply to the leaves, as well as of direct and indirect mechanisms of Cd-toxicity towards photosynthesis.